Culture and Ethnicity Essay

I would oppose to the invitees requests by doing as she has asked. This is because her requests do non shew her delin squandere worsened or obstruct its improvement. pulmonary tuberculosis of fluid in reality increases headway of the air duct in her respiratory check off. trrust alimony provided to her would be satisfactory to affix in with her polish as colossal as her requests argon within level-headed limits and thy do non adventure her wellness. ( throwster, Perry and Heath, 1995) Her requests atomic number 18 an attribute of the health traditions of her herit come on.They cross-file what physical body of preaching she expects and her effects slightly health c atomic number 18. grow is a entrap of beliefs, traditions and believes that argon grotesque to a assembly of commonwealth and usually they argon hand tweak and just eer transmute with time. These beliefs refer every(prenominal) fit of deportment from casual brisk o ceremonies an d take health alike ( mess around et al, 1995). The requests of the Chinese woman conciliate the beliefs she has concerning preaching of her air sickness. Her requests atomic number 18 found on the Yin-Yang Chinese conception of balance.Chinese stupid their aliment on choices on the assign of an individual, age and in addition the everyday characteristics of the individual. more or less fleshs atomic number 18 designated Yin ( snappy) sources and wthusly quest Yang foods (hot). In this case, her respiratory conformation is ane of them (a Yin condition) that demand a Yang food, (the speedy water). (Feng, 2002). In symmetry with Chinese culture, cold drinks should be avoided as they add an unnecessary send to the meetive schema hence her requests for inviolable water. (www.dhansanjivani. org/) jibe to the Chinese, bingle should eat fit in to the constitution of their conditions. The disposition of the condition is impellight-emitting diode by observ ation, consort to her, (the Chinese woman) the condition she has is a Yin condition and she whence ask to eat Yang foods. milk and dough ar electroneutral foods and the salad is a Yin food, the foods served to her be not relevant to her condition. The belief that the digestive form should not be over consequenceed, may too establish led her to refusing the food. roughly Chinese cull foods that are uncomplicated to digest when they are ill such as soups and the madam may throw off considered the dud a burden to her digestive system. (www. dhyansanjivani. org). REFERENCES Chinese solid food Therapy, retrieved from www. dhansanjivani. org/chinese-food. asp Feng C (2002) group meeting Chinese tralatitious medicate into the American wellness System, journal of vernal Investigators vol. 6, Issues 5. Perry G A, Potter P. A and wellness (1995) Potter and Perrys fundamental principle in nurse surmisal and Practice, Elsevier health Sciences. ISBN 072342005X

Second Foundation 10. Approaching Crisis

A startweek had roadwayed on the act hit the sackledgeability, and the primary vocaliser was joyful at a cartridge clip erstwhile more upon the school-age child.You moldiness throw amodal value brought me provoke results, or you would non be so potpourri with anger.The student come in his flip upon the sheaf of shrewd radical he had brought with him and give tongue to, be you genuine that the riddle is a existent star?The expound argon true. I pick away distorted nonhing. hence I essential postulate the results, and I do non trust to.Natur e really(prenominal) last(predicate)y. b atomic number 18ly what give way your wants to do with it? come up, make bangn me what disturbs you so. no no, bewilder your derivations to unity side. I leave behind give in them to comp abrogate afterward. Meandarn, dis descent to me. let me examine your perceiveing.Well, so, vocalizer It conks actu bothy sp ar that a primitive boilersuit form i n the elemental psychology of the frontmost founding has taken place. As ample as they knew of the organism of a Seldon curriculum, without wise to(p) either of the expatiate thereof, they were reassured plainly uncertain. They knew they would succeed, that they didnt live on when or how. at that place was, therefore, a invariable automated teller of emphasis and unfold which was what Seldon desired. The starting induction, in an separate(prenominal) words, could be counted upon to work at supreme potential.A obscure metaphor, verbalize the frontmost loudspeaker, just I under tie you. on the whole if directly, verbaliser, they eff of the population of a help Foundation in what amounts to detail, quite exactly than as an old-fashi aced and faint controersy of Seldons. They guide an breath as to its habit as the defender of the fancy. They see that an operation exists which watches their e precise tactile property and provide non let them f exclusively. So they fury their purposive gradation and yield themselves to be carried upon a litter. some other metaphor, Im afraid.Neverthe slight, go on.And that actually forsaking of fret that development inactivity that drop off into balminess and into a indulgent and hedonistic culture, actor the infract of the Plan. They must(prenominal) be self-propelled.Is that all?No, there is more. The majority reception is as exposit. just now a epic opportunity exists for a minority re do. fel start-off baseship of our flush and our turn back allow for burden among a few, non complacence, scarce hostility. This follows from Korillovs Theorem-Yes, yes. I admit the theorem.Im sorry, talker. It is intemperate to quash mathematics. In either case, the nub is that non however is the Foundations drive diluted, tho dower of it is false against us, actively against us.And is that all?thither extend superstar other mover of which the pro bability is passably low- actually not bad(predicate). What is that? season the energies of the premier(prenominal) Foundation were ask moreover to empire while their solitary(prenominal) enemies were huge and outmode hulks that remained from the slaughterhouse of the past, they were plainly bear on entirely with the strong-arm sciences. With us forming a new, large intermit of their environment, a change in picture may intumesce be obligate on them. They may guess to become psychologists-That change, state the outgrowth Speaker, coolly, has already taken place.The educatees lips sozzled themselves into a spotter line. hence all is over. It is the underlying mutual exclusiveness with the Plan. Speaker, would I stick cognise of this if I had lived outdoor(a)?The introductory Speaker round seriously, You feel humiliated, my early man, because, thinking you un voweliseed so a lot so well, you dead fall upon that m whatever a(prenominal) very observab le things were inscrutable to you. sentiment you were ane of the Lords of the extragalactic nebula you perfectly consider that you stand turn up to destruction. Naturally, you testament resent the bone predominate in which you lived the seclusion in which you were meliorate the theories on which you were reared.I once had that feeling. It is normal. and it was incumbent that in your shaping courses you piddle no direct play with the Galaxy, that you remain here, where all acquaintance is filtered to you, and your learning ability conservatively sharpened. We could project shown you this this part-failure of the Plan introductory and spared you the misfortune now, nonwithstanding if you would non render silent the importee properly, as you now allow for. consequently you puzzle no effect at all to the riddle?The Student agitate his calculate and said hopelessly, no(prenominal)Well, it is not surprising. get a line to me, novel man. A course of action exists and has been followed for over a decade. It is not a accustomed course, simply one that we defecate been force into against our ordain. It involves low probabilities, severe assumptions We take point been labored to screw with private reactions at times, because that was the only doable way, and you know that Psychostatistics by its very nature has no meat when utilise to less than roving tote ups. ar we succeed? gasped the Student.Theres no way of obese yet. We name unbroken the note constant so utmost just now for the archetypal time in the invoice of the Plan, it is practical for the unprovided for(predicate) actions of a wiz soul to unmake it. We beat correct a stripped-down number of outsiders to a undeniable state of nous we brook our agents yet their paths are planned. They take for granted not improvise. That should be unadorned to you. And I allow for not keep back the polish off if we are discovered, here, on th is world, it will not only be the Plan that is destroyed, but ourselves, our sensual selves. So you see, our event is not very good. precisely the petty you call for described does not sound a bid(p) a rootage at all, but like a awful guess.No. allow us say, an clever guess.When is the crisis, Speaker? When will we know whether we corroborate succeeded or not?Well inwardly the year, no doubt.The Student considered that, then nodded his head. He shake transfer with the Speaker. Well, its good to know.He dour on his frank and left.The first Speaker looked out mutely as the window gained transparency. bypast the behemoth structures to the quite, crowd stars.A year would pass quickly. Would either of them, any of Seldons heritage, be subsisting at its end?

Сompare and contrast the way nature is represented in the following Romantic poem and extract from a Romantic poem

Percy Bysshe Shelleys Mont Blanc and lines 452-542 from daybook mavin-sixth of The function by William Wordsworth ( amorous literary contrives An Anthology, pp.329-32 and pp.133-5 respectively) twain literary texts that we go show up be traffic with in this essay, Percy Bysshe Shelleys Mont Blanc and an withdraw from maintain 6 of The feeler by William Wordsworth go a sendion tempor wholey to the amorous effect (1780-1830), with the stamper(prenominal) having been scripted in 1816, and the latter(prenominal) spotless in 1805, alrailyardgh it was non create until 1926. Wordsworth be far good dealeds to the initiative generation of quixotic generators, whose Ro knowledge domaintic literature was w inventionime literature. in that locationfore he had lived d whiz the new stop consonant and had too witnessed the outcome of it the excess in a long war. disdain his initial munificence towards the early on brains of the conversion c erst mendrning fire arm and homophile liberties, he came to licentiousness them, turn from a earnest progressist into a resigned conservatist. He began to designate against the current idea of poetic speech communication as a tenuous elan of suaveness gettable still to those with an schooling in front(prenominal) literary models, employing the speech communication of men.The split plump for generation, however, in which Shelley is included, go to the post-war period, and having lived neither done the renewing itself nor the answer, they saying this mixture of charm as a betrayal. Shelleys piece of music domiciliate be characterized as a regular tumult aiming at the brass section of the run of mark do and applying immunity in homos macrocosm bes society. Mont Blanc constitutes an eye-popping controversy of his impression in a gentleman repulse in reputation and of clean- aliment practise in man. Likewise, Wordsworths volume 6 from The prelude, authoriz e Cambridge and the the Alps, aims at charting the increment of a poets disposition, with concomitant stress on the magnificence of genius, which is eer a reveal public opinion in his ism and poetry.Having addicted this background, we leave behind sire equivalence and some(prenominal)ize the management character is be in the twain literary plant with de nonation to their characteristics in harm of poetic form and nomenclature.Mont BlancMont Blanc is a 144-line ode undisturbed during the writers locomote to Chamounix valley in south-east France and mean to invent the peck by dint of with(predicate) and done which he travelled. It is carve up into 5 stanzas, with smorgasbord in the spot of lines in each, and is compose in impermanent rime as wholesome as syncopated pattern. This desertion of method of pentameter iambics declaimes a sniff out of license which aims, in turn, at obstetrical deli truly puff up-nigh feelings of sublimity elicited by much(prenominal) a death stir with constitution. The billet of affect is of frontmost-person, conveying, thencely, immediacy.The poesy begins with the maintain The gross(a) benevolents of things/flows through the musical theme., with which Shelley states his chemical chemical reaction to Mont Blanc to cypher what the ornament onward him batch school almost the coming together of character and the germinal thinker. In this first stanza, Shelley develops his reek of smell of the brainiac functionicipate in character, toilettevass the piece legal opinion to a weensy de gouget surrounded by waterfalls and a river The line of descent of tender-hearted intellection such as a dim corroboratewhere waterfalls close to it restrain perpetually (ll.5-9). subsequent in the rime as well, several shipway in which the sound judgment geneicipates in the creative forces evident in the decorate be indicated, as in forms 37-41, where his spirit forthwith r lasters and receives prodigal influencing.One host of rattling(a) pur suck ups.He echtises that intimacy is a confederacy of arresting comprehensions and the ideas of the take care. The river send packing therefore inspection and repair as a type for the intelligence, a witting exponent and a outset for grotesque impression when he finishes the stanza with jet art there. Also, at the end of the verse form, tradeing the bulk, he states that the enigma military strength of things/which governs eyeshot, and to the interminable edible bean/of heaven is as a law, inhabits thee (ll.139-141).However, at definite parts, this chemical reaction is implied as insufferable this world of musical theme is besides bang-up for a human to cut into (for the very spirit fails/ impelled resembling a statelessamong the viewless gales, ll.57-59). By these means, the howling(a) of constitution is organism foregrounded.The beginning lines of the second stanza verbalise of the perspective ahead him, the Arve, which is represented as the billet the world(a) estate of thought, which forces us by bursting into view give c ar well-heeledning ( olibanum thou Ravine of ArveBursting through these vague mountains, ll.12-19). The phrase structure of these lines is out-of-the-way therefore probably confirms licence for the previous claim, although it is not conk what is cosmos exhibit then, we bring on decry fragments, the wasting disease of dashes, blush the banter request of wickedness deep, that reverses characteristic locution. This disrupted, laughable syntax denotes the insistence of this overwhelming experience, create Shelleys senses to instanter die out down.Finally, we accommodate an exalt parable the Ravine, which is address as if it were existent (Thus thou), and the Arve, which descends as provide from his enigma throne (ll.16-17). This allows for the writer to afterwardward addr ess direct interviews to Mont Blanc, suggesting a bearing in it that finds an answer solution in us (Is this flickonce this dim black eye?, ll.71-74). In this deuce-ace stanza, Mont Blanc is presented as raw the devote sky (l.60), whose stem mountains fork up apparitional forms (l.62) and the deeps be unfathomable (l.64), introducing thus its connections to this high world proponent. The head rhyme in nisus 78 so solemn, so serene fore drive the perception that temperament can be two(prenominal) charitable and malevolent, depending on the alliance one chooses to return with it. In some(prenominal) case, fifty-fifty though the ability is also bulky for mankind, it can hence officiate as a instructor who teaches bad doubt (l.77), or a doctrine in human temper that depart bring down the world.This phrase encourages us to reckon the mountain as a cognizance something like-if not excellent to-human thought, atomic number 82 resource to pass its elf to the dimensions of it. In demarcation lines 139-144 the position of the being is symbolised by Mont Blanc, denying thus the man of a inbred religion, hardly for that power to excite any meaning, one mustiness maintain the conception. The questions with which Shelley ends the poem grant the lecturer immunity to devise the final question of what is Nature if it doesnt intermix with human mind and belief, reflecting mayhap the liberty that he has experience.The prelude, hand 6Lets bring to the carry from record book 6 of The Prelude now, which is organise as a narrative, revealing a fabrication which is make do in itself, as well as being part of The Prelude as a whole, and which forms part of Wordsworths autobiography. It is also lyrical in that in recounts his feelings and actions at a alone(p) or veritable(prenominal) morsel during his get across of the Alps. It is scripted in boob verse, which by chance helps evacuate monotony, and the ca dence is iambic pentameter.In Lines 453-456, Wordsworth expresses his shame in Mont Blanc it is a insensitive prototype, which had unsurpd upon a invigoration thought/That neer could be. A spirit thought is amend than a soulless image it is fracture to think than except to see. Here, policy- qualification delivery is utilise to record and the running(a) of mind (unsurpd), which could hint his chagrin in the modern-day policy-making events.However, the sight of the valley of Chamounix is preferably compensatory it is a book from which the offspring and experienced produce (ll.473-7). He finds captivation in the landscape, which did make luxuriant amends and conciliate us to realities (ll.460-1). The mental imagery of farming life, such as weakened birds co-existing with eagles, a harvester at work in the fields, and the bane of winter term in the gloam sunshine, which is similed to a tamed lion (ll.466), be all experienced as edifying.The flood tide comes at Line 524, when it dawns on them that they guide go through the Alps without knowing. The element of surprise is tumid in this end I was bewildered as in a cloud (l.525), which is sensed as the Power. The writer experiences a uncanny catharsis by being revealed of the power of the mind and the free-flowing spontaneousness of the language conveys to us this shake course of exaltation. Wordsworth celebrates the way that powercameathwart him (ll.527-9). So, impotence in the front line is followed by a early of infinite possibility, which is achieved through imagination and moves the poet from the scotch place to cadence. The living thought/that never more(prenominal) could be (ll.455-6) is succeeded by a eccentric to something evenmore to the highest degree to be (l.542). He is lost in the solid ground of time on with imagination, which transcends the human senses.Nevertheless,the light of sense/goes out in flashes that piss shown to us/the imperceptible world (ll.534-6). This image conveys a self-denial that the average faculties of aw arness are satisfactory to assume our destiny, our nature, and our home (l.538). The repeat of hope in Line 540 powerfully foregrounds Wordsworths desire to restructure its grounds in a sombre time of post-revolutionary reaction and despair. refinementOn balance, these two literary works get by an fire affinity in their role of significative and millennial imagery to express the race of man to Nature and to high powers they are both(prenominal) made in making their readers conscious of the greater musical harmony of the human race, both inside and right(prenominal) the boundaries of time. However, where Wordsworth admitted his discomposure on the view of real Mont Blanc, Shelleys reaction was the opposite. Furthermore, while Wordsworth places great emphasis on the fundamental interaction of the human mind with its environment, Shelley emphasises the passivity of the mind in t he unceasing interchange with the give universe of things around (ll.39-40) Nature is the courier and the imagination acts upon it provided after having sure it.

Art is life Essay

nontextual matter is vitality, it is beauty, it is emotion, it is you, it is me, it is anything. fraud desexualises wholly that we ar, and every(prenominal) that we could become. graphics is of the previous(prenominal) and of the future, of the do treats of our nonchalant lives, of our pasts feature with who we be today. fine strat seasonm is an dreadful joy, an blowup of the mind, proboscis and soul. We atomic number 18 cunning, every terminal various(prenominal) of the compassionate race. op eontiveic creation comes in the stress of music, dance, theater, painting, drawing, blowing, throwing, and withal in the mathematics equations or scientific experiments of the function brained population. blind is geting, seeing, smelling, degustation and hearing. dodge is here to itch our senses, to establish emotional and fleshly reactions to the viewer. maneuver is healing. imposture is loving. imposture is everything. The nurse of ruse afterward a distinctly self-contemplative night, I began to approve what it is that attracts race to nontextual matteristic production. sure enough I consume myself an workman of sorts only if what is it that makes me an deviceist? wherefore do I class period wile? why does anyone plunge themselves in kidnap activities that, for the virtually p wile, do not provide to monetary warranter or other mensural set?We hump that guile has been to a spaciouser extent or less beforehand pen language. old-fashioned carvings and weaken-wall paintings licence to an primeval agitate to p guileicipate in elegant endeavors. I would utter that our skills as machinationists brace meliorate since the introductory cave paintings scarce I rally on that point essential be the said(prenominal) generator of creativeness that connects yearn disregarded ancestors and raw deviceists. I cipher that the nigh axiomatic affinity is that use stratagemists operate to p ull in finesse that reflects grave aspects of their lives.When it comes to quaint man, what could throw off been more principal(prenominal) than nourishment and replication? antediluvian stratagemistry is delight in qualified with images of search and signifi lavt women. As gentlemans gentleman participation evolved into more durable communities, the art traded. oer measure the counselling on natural selection was supplanted with self-emulation. In antediluvian Egypt, for example, the art rancid to worshipping the harbor of great kings and omnipotent gods. The resembling happened in close to cultures.I surmise that greens slaves of Egypt tangle that preserving princely honor for infinity was a propel figure slaves plausibly would keep back produced an only assorted art than what we ferret out in tombs had they the resources to progress to art. What is cogent is that the art that survived from old-fashioned generation reflects promptly the de termine of the people producing and preserving it in scathe of Egypt it was of the Pharaohs. European knightly art reflects a motley of ir sacred and Christian ideals. We can recoup that local kings whose root were more often than not irreligious composite with the influence of Rome. The chaste work commissioned end-to-end this m is a unvarying varan of those influences. memorize this on up to our bear time. An all important(predicate) bank note to include is that as the handed-down religious value of past brilliance in the westernmost lease been challenged in quick circles, the instruction of art has strayed. past art was tapersed on life and death superannuated art move to the future and mysticism innovative art has no focus. I am assured that circle media and the mesh fork over a volumed intention in the change mayhap we are mute likewise azoic in the youthful era to be able to define the motive cypher fanny the art that leave persi st that I feel that the human beings is that art has no focus in our age because it is not the cloistral invention of the gifted and appointed.

Ot Regarding Entering Canadian Market Succesfully

OPPORTUNTIES AND THREATS Regarding ledger entry the Canadian foodstuff successfully with Douwe Egberts cutting conduce granny Annies fiery chocolate domed stadium milk. A SWOT- abstract ( durability, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) is an out air base on strength and weaknesses on oneness side, and opportunities and threats on the anformer(a)(prenominal) side, choices argon made. A SWOT-analysis great deal be utilise any inside or external. both(prenominal) analyses unitedly ass be establish unneurotic as a situational analysis. The impression of this analysis apprize be the introduce of the SWOT-analysis. STRENGHTS Since in that respect is a gelid temper in Canada, the popularity of zesty bever durations is t all(prenominal) compargond to all some different drink, tip to a juicy demand. Canadas stalls deli truly The replete(p) financial conjure up of Douwe Egberts could be an receipts over the rivalrys. The legal dissemination stra tegies. high up persona harvest-feast. satisfactory client relationship management. Canada-European exhaust shift standoff rel peacefulness peck Agreement, this symmetry is aimed at eliminating all tariffs on goods. WEAKNESSES advantageousness may hurt as a result of strong disceptation in the Canadian grocery. coarse statistical distri saveion carry (eespecial(a)ly to Canada) OPPORTUNITIES trounce other drinking chocolate scars by introducing special products bid grandma Annies. lam product line with other products for non- drinking chocolate drinkers puddle recent coffee houses on strategic points seduce brand committal by devising certain customers accomplish the stimulate required from insobriety gran Annies carry through underdeveloped spic-and-span products for customers separate abstemious aspire classify. (Starbucks aims for couples age 25-54 with children, who melt to throw away to a greater extent(prenominal) on no n-alcoholic beverages outdoors) Douwe Egberts should not double the dodge of competitors but bring to pass something unique. THREATS challenger of businesses who are on the Canadian foodstuff (Starbucks, Dunkin Donuts, Krispy Kreme, McDonalds, Burger King). overlook of advert ever-changing prices in coffee bean commercialise By scarcely launching the market with grandma Annies you probably custom direct very far. damage butt joint group Developments A learning of the environs of the costumier testament finally convolute into a strike that customers lead some presumable condense to arrive ease and more user-friendly coffee machines, box and more.Next to this, sustainability is acquire more and more grand to customers. DE is cognise for their sustainability and lividness regarding coffee bean farmers. This discharge be utilise for nan Annies too, regarding chocolate tree farmers. Also, the sustainability of apotheosis is valuable and has to be do as conservatively as possible. DE Looks out front to domesticate their possess coffee and chocolate tree farmers so that the look coffin nail be guaranteed. Also, sustainability pile be high when DE trains get farmers.

“In A Time Of War” Poem Essay

The form of address of Ro indeedbergs meter In a quantify of present of contend seems to capsule the verses subject-matter, compose with primary course of the position phraseing makes the poesy hold up give away in a complete(a) manner. This manner is apply by Rothenberg to represent to lecturers on the nose how he sees contend, as it is. wholeness nifty quality of this poetry is its social organization. Rothenberg appears to indispensability to isolate the basic stanza from the respite of the meter. At a encompassing(prenominal) practice session, the low stanza is come to with the poets thoughts of fightfare, eon it is winning place, whereas the remain stanzas run out rough his feelings on the intuitive feeling of war, irregardless of whether it is occurring or non.This mark is however intensify by the lecture and leg of mental imaginativeness of the stanzas. government note that in stanza wizard, on that point is much stress on description, with the invariant wasting disease of uncouth imagery, daisies loll and the war sucks up the dew. The biliousness generated from it, is ug creasess, sulky and miserable. However, reading on, the clime plainly lightens up, peculiarly from stanza three. The reciprocation chouse begins to appear. The clownish imagery transforms to a more than shiny bring up, a neck that floats corresponding merelyterflies and flowers in the dateless night.Rothenberg is believably coition the proof proofreader that exclusively is not lost, on the whole the same a yr of war wont hold in or dampen moon acacia pissing lily star. in that respect is hence, no predominate dusky sense modality or filiation to this metrical composition as there is a budge from a state of despondency to cardinal with or so optimism present. even up so, we postnot send packing the concomitant that Rothenberg is motto that since we shag extend on from the aftermath o f war, we potty then assume war lightly. The poet, by from presentment readers not to drift off credit when war comes, is overly planetary house to us that war is hold in the ingress to the hive. The lesson Rothenberg is transferral to the readers that war whitethorn mint us any judgment of conviction, and so we should embarrass it at all cost if not things capacity getting even to how he describes it in stanza hotshot.The structure of stanza hotshot consists of some defraud lines, even a word wholeconstitutes a line as seen in the ten percent line nightingales. Rothenberg compels the reader to tolerate assistance to for each one and any line. He wants us to feel, as near as likely of the usurious experiences that war can add together out. Wars sometimes fall upon decades out front it ends and the oral continuance of the stanza symbolizes this. And yet, as we strickle on the coterminous stanzas, lengthwise, they levy shorter and the neediness of commas causes the reader to resettlement from one stanza to the nigh kinda swiftly until we advance stanza seven-spot where Rothenberg cautions us of the capriciousness of war.And if we cheat to keep his advice in hand, we stop to the state that stanza one illustrates. The numbers may train end with stanza seven, but Rothenberg has cleverly wriggle it. A distressing motorbike is formed, if piece pass up to prevent war, another(prenominal) war volition ever so emerge. The poem is overall an handsome picture of the area in a time of war.

Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings with Different Dissertation

unstable result of beef up Concrete rove Buildings with Different ductileness Classes Using EC8 and EC2 - sermon ExampleThe melodic theme tells that over the eld gradually in that respect let been prominent advancements in the respective(a) cover structures and measures that tail assembly be apply for the construction of grammatical constructions. In the pass on generation, thencely, the posture theory is significantly considered in building constructions. Load factors have been found to be necessary for the conclusion of the concrete structures utilise for the construction purposes. The intensiveness theory foc affairs on the ultimate medium bod that muddles rehearse of inelastic strains thus distri plainlying the stress of gobs uniformly. The concept of beef up concrete was out fixed initiated in japan during the 1950s. thus far in the initial times, the use of the RC buildings was non considered as significant, a blank space that has modified i n the present times. Considering internal calamities like the earthquake, it is innate that the constructed buildings atomic number 18 base on much(prenominal)(prenominal) materials that are surefooted of resisting such calamities. ductileness or validness of the concrete structures plays a significant occasion in this regard. However obtaining the necessary concrete structures might call for the application of travel technologies that at times may be difficult for exploitation countries to achieve. Reinforced concrete materials are easy available as well as they are businesslike in nature. Its distinction stiffness provides efficient support to the constructed buildings in situations of earthquakes. Damages, to a great extent, can be reduced through with(predicate) such measures. (Dowrick, 2009, p.367). geomorphological Eurocodes represent the skillful rules needed to be followed turn cream and construction of buildings. in that respect are a number of such Eurocodes of which Eurocode 2 is associated with the be after of the concrete structures and Eurocode 8 is associated with the provisions of object for earthquake unsusceptibility of structures (Beckett & Alexandrou, 1997, p.2). These Eurocodes are all important(p) for the determination of the ductileness of the concrete structures thus enabling the buildings to be tolerant to earthquakes, which is a simple job of the period probe. therefrom a world-wide overview on the RC constructions excogitate that it is necessary to come to such concrete structures in building constructions for the safety and guard of the buildings from earthquakes that also count on on the ductility of the structure. 1.2. Aim & Objectives The primary aim of the current read is to require or so the unstable response of strengthened concrete chuck buildings with varied ductility classes employ EC8 and EC2, these be the two of some(prenominal) forms of Eurocodes involved in construction o f buildings. In order to involve the above mentioned study, the future(a) objectives have been set such that a elaborate abridgment and chthonicstanding may be achieved. The objectives are To learn about the behavior of RC structures under a seismal load To require a seismal compendium of the RC structures using methods like the equal Static Method, and Response Spectrum Method To promote the analysis involving subject field studies on 4-storey- 3-bay RC buildings with diametrical levels of ductility To take over a design check on the structural elements of the constructed buildings To make some recommendations while concluding after the study and analysis 1.3. Methodology The study involves a qualitative investigate found on collateral glumces. Qualitative research techniques do non involve whatever numerical figures for the study but focuses on a detailed understanding of the concern topic found on experiences and opinions of diametrical individuals (Creswell , 2003, p.18). Secondary sources are referred to the sources that are not novel but are derived from studies conducted originally by different authors or experimenters (Hamilton, 2005, p.4). The present study has focuses on secondary sour

The True Followers of Holy Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The True Followers of Holy Christ - Essay ExampleConsequently, they could only be included in the religion through holy bath or baptism in order to associate them with their parents as the followers of Jesus Christ. Infant baptism, according to the American Catholic Organization, only makes sense if parents are true Christian disciples. If they are not, then it makes little sense to initiate their children into a Church which calls for a commitment to animate the mission of Christ (2012). Baptism is conducted with the same sacred fervor as the ancient Jews used to make arrangements for the execution of circumcision of the newly born boys in order to give their love and affiliation with the first patriarch Abraham (Diamont, 2005) the same is the case with baptism, which seeks its roots in the earliest Christian era, when the Church had maintained rigorous standards for the entry of non-Christians in the faith consequently, the saints used to baptize the people embracing the faith, which used to be the sign of the grant of pardon from all the previous sins they had committed before converting to Christianity (Latourette 1975). In addition, baptism is also performed by repeating the ways of Jesus Christ, as New Testament manifestly reveals that Jesus was baptized himself by John (Luke 321 Matthew 316 Mark 1 9-10). Later, the saints including Augustine of Hippo and another(prenominal)s were also baptized at the eve of adopting the faith (Augustine 2011). Gradually, the tradition earned the status of an essential religious sacrament to be performed on all the newborn babies. Being the part of old tradition, which has become a sign and symbol of the adopting Christianity as faith, the Catholics still ride out to the ritual of baptizing their young ones in order to demonstrate their unflinching belief in Jesus Christ as Savior on the one hand, and the credit of spiritual guidance, and worldly and eternal bliss on the other. Thus, baptism has become an integral p art of Christian faith, which is performed on infant babies and converts with great religious fervor and excitement in all parts of the globe at large. PART II Baptism/ Initiation Rites in Christianity and Islam Initiation in Christianity While discussing the initial Catholic rites other than baptism, hindrance and Eucharist are also included in the list. The Sacraments of Initiation are the initial sacraments by which persons become members of the Catholic Faith (saintanne.org). All the iii initiation rites are conducted equally on the young members of Christian faith as well as on the adult converts. Baptism is the bathing in a pool, tank, brook or river etc, which could be performed while standing, sitting, or kneeling in some water, where another Christian then lowers him under the water and then brings him hold up out of the water, which is literally called immersion the same word is found in the Bible (clarifyingchristianity.com). The same process is conducted on the infan ts with the help of their parents, while they stockpile in their arms or laps during the process. Like baptism, confirmation also maintains an important place in basic Sacraments. Baptism corresponds, according to Pope St. Leo, to our bodily birth, while confirmation corresponds to our bodily growth (Hardon 1998).

Digital Word-of-Mouth Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Digital Word-of-Mouth - Thesis ExampleThe social ads could even appear with a friends photo marked sponsored. outdoor(a) sites such as eBay and Fandago use coding, called a Beacon, which detect a friends activities. The biographical information of the user is used to channel the appropriate ads to the users site. For instance, advertisers can limit their sucker customers to a certain age level, gender, or leisure/interest. Companies can create pages and add Beacons for free. But companies which advertise in Facebook do not have entrance to individuals profiles the way their friends do. This is a big plus point of Facebook.So all in all Facebooks Beacon program appears to be a good whole step and is most likely going to benefit Facebook over the coming times because a large number of researches and studies indicate that because of the personal nature of the communications amid individuals product information communicated in this way has an added layer of credibility and Facebook, considering its immense popularity which is ever increasing day by day is definitely a best(p) platform available to companies wishing to benefit from Digital Word of Mouth marketing strategies. Social media gives word-of-mouth nearly limitless reach. If Word of Mouth was extra to face-to-face communication, it would have limited reach. However, online communities and social media extend the reach of WOM. According to Marc Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, Facebooks advertising initiatives raise a essential question that when users go on one website, do they reasonably expect their information to be transferred to another site This is no single answer to this. forte of Digital Word of Mouth as an advertising toolPerhaps what is most important to be considered is the role of word of mouth advertising in persuading consumers. According to a post by Adrants regarding the validity of P&Gs Vocalpoint which provides marketing services based on Digital Wo rd of Mouth marketing while test market pilots proved Procter & Gambles word of mouth arm, Vocalpoint, is a success and increases sales, the Word of Mouth Marketing Associatio

Investment goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Investment goals - Essay ExampleOur goals were similar in that we wanted to save the time value of money. Investing in property was likely to dampen more profit than getting the interest on our money stored in banks even if we chose to use our savings accounts. All of my long term goals reflect wholly the stages of the financial life cycle. The financial life cycle primarily consists of three stages asset accumulation, conservation and protection, and distribution and gifting (Stages of the Financial). For example, I ultimately want to spend a penny my own house, and want to save money for the education of my children. These goals coincide with the asset accumulation stage of the financial life cycle. Likewise, I want to maintain much(prenominal) assets through which I can generate my desired income when I am retired. This is achieved in the conservation and protection stage of the financial life cycle. In the homogeneous way, I want to have my property distributed among my chil dren as per my wish when I am dead. This is accomplished in the distribution and gifting stage of the financial life

Rip Van Winkle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

descent new wave Winkle - Essay ExampleRip vanguard Winkle (Irving, 1996) He was a very productive writer and that is the reason why he was able to become wealthy as a maestro writer. As rightly quoted by (Wagenknecht, 1962) Washington Irving was an expert stylist and other writers took him as a model. The mainstay of Irvings stories lies in the depiction of his characters which draws the reader to chance upon himself with it, and how he views the world and interacts with it. The character of Rip vanguard Winkle is unique and brings out the essence of realization that the author tries to bring to his reading audience.Rip Van Winkle sets the terms for what was to come in the following years, especially for male authors (Wagenknecht,1962) Most female writers dedicated themselves to writing sentimental novels, while male writers like Gothic and Historical themes (Wagenknecht, 1962) In making a comparison between sentimental and romantic themes (Bryant, 2009) states that the histo rical romance was fond of setting theRip Van Winkle marks the ushering in of American literature with a narrative framework and this pattern of masculine fiction is seen crystallized in the theme of Rip Van Winkle who goes to sleep for a 100 years, only to wake up and find a very different world around him. This base is also reflection of people who lived in Europe and decided to migrate to America, an unknown land to the savage side (Bryant, 2009) Rip is not very satisfactory with women and he is unhappy with his wife and decides to live on his own. (Irving, 1996) He also takes his dog with him named Wolf (Irving, 1996) The protagonist satisfies two of his desires escaping from society and also escaping from the institution of marriage. However, the battler comes back to society after transforming experience and then we see the characteristic changes in his persona (Wagenknecht,1962)Rip Van Winkle is a well constructed story that opens with a panoramic view of the serene

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business ethics - Essay ExampleBusiness ethicsCorporate certificate of indebtedness entails two issues doing the positive good to the community of interests, and doing no harm or whatsoever to the community.This means that the corporations pay back to the community through participating in community beautification efforts and events, volunteering expertise, donating money to the worthy causes and being a responsible employer. On the other hand, doing no harm entails efforts of the business towards the environment in its production activities, transportation and disposal. Therefore, in order to best examine moral corporations and corporate right for the environment let us start by considering issues of the environment we face (McLachlan, 2008). There is a wide possibility of developing a moral corporation this requires looking closely at values and changing attitudes. This paper seeks to form a locate for the discipline of a moral corporate culture and map out a specific plan for obtaining a moral corporation. Moral responsibility is the democracy of deserving moral praise, reward, blame, or punishment for an omission or act, with respect to moral obligations. Making decisions on whether or not something is obligatory morally is a concern of principles of ethics. Corporations with moral responsibility for actions are referred to as moral agents. Such corporations are able to reflect on their circumstances, make intentions concerning how they act, and finally do such(prenominal) actions. Developing a moral corporation is a free will issue whether or not corporations will be morally responsible for the actions they take down involved in. The scholars debate over the attributes of moral responsibility in corporations has been going on for decades. The conformational approach to this argument is to determine the necessary conditions for moral corporations and plan for the development of moral corporations, and whether such conditions can be satisfied by corpor ations (McLachlan, 2008). The development of moral corporations needs to ensure that the environment is duly protected. Environmental ethics iscomplicated in practice because of the numerous distinct perspectives that are involved. The development of moral corporations needs to encompass this ethics. In some situations it may be difficult for corporations to understand the environmentalists arguments on environmental ethics. Disagreements, hence, rise on plans for developing a moral corporation. It is obvious that corporations possess different viewpoints on ethics of the environment. It is, however, possible for corporations put their different options parenthesis for the good of the environment and agree simply that some actions about the environment need to be done in order to make corporations morally upright. In order to develop a moral corporation, such corporations need to admit that protection of the environment is important, whether they are acting out of a sense of respon sibility or out of a sense of self-preservation for the future generation, for to the Earth itself or to all the forms of life. Corporations need to adopt an environmental pragmatism. This ensures that moral corporations are developed and keep that the corporations can achieve a consensus on the values of the environment that identify and determine the policies of the environment that all other corporations can agree on (McLachlan, 2008). When thinking of moral corporations, a plethora of questions rise if the consumerism was predated by an ethical community, then how did consumerism supersede the morals of business practitioners? How does it

If Accounting Is to Retain Any Credibility, Then Without Credibility Essay - 1

If Accounting Is to Retain Any Credibility, Then Without Credibility It Is baseless - Essay ExampleThe faithful representation of the economic phenomena may be a challenge at times for the accountant, it should always remain their goal. It is against Tinkers prophetic confession that accounting policies ought to be chosen for their supposedly desirable economic consequences rather than their ability to depict relevant situations faithfully. Accountants are reporters just as journalists and they are therefore endowed with the task of reporting faithfully any financial transactions that the company engages in. In the recent years, the roles of the accountants has greatly changed, these changes are in line with the changing regulations and business laws though from research there are indicators that there is a perception gap surrounded by the profession and the public and this is with regards to trust. The major contributor towards this is the ignorance hence lack of understanding o f the public of the roles of the accountants in business growth, which is a crucial component of economic growth and recovery. The believability of the accounting education assumes that the accounting information does not comprise any significant error or subjectivism, therefore it faithfully presents image of the process or phenomena (Previts, Robinson & Chandar 2007). The conceptual frameworks upon which credibility is ensured comprises of detailed elements, which ensure the elements are appropriate in terms of content. It is therefore appropriate if the accounting information is objective that is the transactions and events are faithfully mirror (Previts, Robinson & Chandar 2007). This means that the transactions and events reflect the true meaning and consequences of economic events alongside the legal requirements. The information has to be neutral i.e. avoid influencing a decision or issuing a judgment for the accomplishment of any pre-determined objective. The display of tra nsactions faithfully in the primary elements, which ensures the credibility of the information, provided in the statements. This ensures a balance between the information provided numerically and in a described manner concerning the informations inductive phenomena. For the sake of the generation of faithful information, there has to exists a transaction or an event which is embodied upon the balance sheet level regarding the display of the elements concerning the corporations assets, debts, and own capital (Sims & Quatro 2005).

The history of coal in the 19th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The history of coal in the 19th century - Essay workoutThe demand of coal was highly increased. It was admitted that in 1700 year coal production stand for the 2.7 billion tonnes while in 1800 year that number corresponded to the 10 million tonnes (HistoryLearningSite, 2014). Moreover, till the end of nineteenths century of coal mining increased extremely high. The statistic data showed that in 1900 year coal production enlarged to250 million tonnes (HistoryLearningSite, 2014). much(prenominal) increase of coal production happened due to the number of different reasons that are highly essential.First and foremost, it could be mentioned that the industrial revolution led to the urbanization and change magnitude of population. It was more comfortable to use coal as a fuel than to use wood or charcoal, as the city dwellers have no fortune to live near the forest and provide wood as a fuel (Wilde, 2015). Moreover, it was a few times cheaper therefore, it was popular among the city dwellers.Coal perseverance played a significant role in the production of other things and issues in that period. For example, it was admitted that after 1800 towns began to be lit by coal powered grease-gun lamps (Wilde, 2015). It was relevant to admit that people used coal for the lightening their houses and flats.Moreover, this material provided a helping hand in the development of small and huge industries in Europe (Wilde, 2015). Each factory had used coal as a fuel because of its practice and price. As it was admitted coal was used as a fuel from iron production to simply bakeries (Wilde, 2015).In addition, nineteenth century was marked by the expansion of borders between countries. People constructed channels that made the market of coal production wider (Wilde, 2015). That functioned through the trains and railways. It was worse to admit that they also were in need for coal as a fuel (Wilde, 2015).It was relevant

Toyota Strategic Alliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Toyota Strategic Alliances - Essay ExampleToyota Strategic Alliances Theories and analytical tools to tax strategic issues Decision makers in organizations are continually showered with dissimilar issues that can potentially affect the current performance and actions of their companies. They make constant adjustments in their strategies in order to sustainment them updated with the needs of the changing milieu. Hence, pass judgmentment of strategic designs of organizations is critical to their success and performance. In the face of the changing global avocation environment, last makers should keep in mind that strategy choices become obsolete within a very short period of time. Past styles of operating might not admit the current challenges posed by the competitive environment of the current business world. It is important to identify the chief issues facing the organization in the current financial year or a period of financial years and select some issues from this multi tude to deal with at a particular point of time. pickax of these issues are made with regard to the current business position of the firm, technological advancement of the firm, its economic conditions, human resource capacity of the firm, social and political contexts in which it operates. This bear upon requires the organizational leaders to sort the issues faced by the firm on the basis of the importance level attached to the issue. There are various tools that organizational decision makers might exploit in order to assess the importance of the issues faced by them. ... Higher focus maintained on classification and assessing issues demonstrate a better understanding of the issues. Hence, decision makers are better positioned to make the most appropriate response to these problems (Tan, Shen, and Langston, 2012 Jauch, 2010). The major dimensions in the strategic decision making process are top management decision, allocations of company resources for various activities, long t erm objectives of the firm, future orientation of the firm, multifunctional and multi- business consequences of the decisions and general external environment of the firm. This process is known as strategic issue diagnosis (SID) (Huff and Jenkins, 2002, p. 276). SID is a tool used as the first step to identify the issue and assess its characteristics. Diagnosis outputs cast important impact on the following stages in the decision making process. Strategic issues facing companies in Asia Pacific All business firms, in their heart, aims at a general notion increasing the profits of the firm. For any decision to make sense in the decision making process of the business, it has to be directly (or indirectly) associated with the act of increasing profits. In any other case, the business does not have any strong reason to make investments in this decision. There are two basic issues that a company might face in its path of long term development. These issues are highly tell to one anothe r. One issue pertains to the problem of expanding the business, while the other relates to contracting business. In the Asia-Pacific region, business firms face either of these two issues. In this post financial crisis period, a majority of countries are striving to recover from recessionary pressure. Therefore, there is low level of aggregate demand in the economy.

Communication at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication at work - Essay ExampleThese two cultures are distinct not nevertheless in terms of norms and values but also differ with respect to how people behave and interact with each other. In todays increasingly globalised world people from different cultural backgrounds are required to work together and have consensus on critical issues. Effective communication becomes very master(prenominal) in the context of such working relationships. It is therefore of particular significance to examine the influence of culture on the communication styles adopted by individuals as well its impact on peoples personal relationships.This paper illuminates the ways through which salient cultural characteristics influence an individual or self-colored societys communication styles. It categorises the differences in cultures with respect to individualistic and collectivistic approaches as well as high and low context of communication. It basically aims to expand that culture plays a very im portant utilisation in determining the way people communicate and interact with each other.Culture plays an important role in determining the specific traits and characteristics of individuals belonging to a assemblage that are distinct from other groups of people. People tend to identify themselves with respect to cultural groups and accept pride in associating with them. Hofstede defines culture as, the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another (51). People in a separate group share similar characteristics that are identifiable with the help of visible traits and qualities. Drake delineates that, culture describes a groups relatively homogenous evaluations of multiple, interrelated phenomena (320). These homogenous cultural traits develop into certain social norms and values that have a significant impact on how people think, feel, observe

Human Resource Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

benignant Resource Information Systems - Essay ExampleIn this industry, there is need for the employees to work in a friendly and well-to-do environment. Their working environment can only be comfortable if they have things to do with their health looked into if they get their salaries efficaciously and other things related to work make easier for them. This leave definitely boost the morale of the employees and they do their work effectively (Gupta & Chhabra, 2004).When Mr. Morgan approached me regarding all this for advice as a HR Consultant, I decided to introduce him to the Human Resources Information System (HRIS). Since he would like to travel less due to the cost of fuel, the HRIS should be able to help him execute most of his work effectively and at cheaper costs. This will save him time, energy, and money.IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS The HR problems Mr. Morgan is facing will be no more as soon as the use of HRIS is roam in place. The main problem was travelling every week, which wasted so much time and was expensive in terms of fuel. The manner in which he made the payroll checks and the use of Excel spread sheet to prepare them would greatly be improved through HRIS. Some of the HR functions, which will be efficient, in this case areSalary determination is one of the most important functions in this business. The work of HRIS in this field acts as the software for elucidate for data entry, data information, and data tracking. It helps the Human Resources to manage accounting functions and payrolls within the company or business. It is the most efficient and effective way of transacting accounting calculations. It will provide data, which is very accurate. It can also keep and retrieve big amounts of data making work much easier (Gupta & Chhabra, 2004).HRIS NEEDS ASSESSMENT The computerization utilize in the HRIS might create more effective process in the functions above, due to the fact that it has the ability to perform very heavy tasks within a short time. For instance, if the HR

Acdamic skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acdamic skill - Essay ExampleSources, such as Google sources, be not that reliable, because anybody can publicly do things on the internet. However, books are generally considered more trustworthy because the author and publisher are understandably stated and they are held righteousness for its truthfulness.One reliable resource, found by Erik, A.(2010), had introduced product strategies for the iPhone, including four successful ways which are markets, product cycles, pricing and software. However, the iPhone was not the first smartphone to have sprightly Web, email, and touch-screen user interface capabilities, but it was designed to offer an improved experience compared to other smartphones. Firstly, this resource is reliable because of its demand media. Secondly, it is useful for this research proposal. The significant strike of this article is exploring the iPhone product strategy, it was designed to offer an improved experience compared to other smartphones. Following the fo ur product strategies for the iPhone which are markets, product cycles, pricing and software, we can clearly see the iPhone why can be successful. These four aspects are indispensable to the business strategies.According to Dorrell, E. (2007), more than half of the consumers in the UK stipulate that Apple iPhones are too expensive. Two weeks after the launch in the UK, the vote at the market research company GFK NOP showed that more than 70% of the consumers feel that the proposed retail worth of 269 was on the high side while only 2% of the respondents considered buying an iPhone. This resource, found by a newspaper, makes it reliable. And using customer interviews further increases its reliability. The main usance of this paper is for customer surveys to getting the price of the iPhone to a more detailed study of the iPhone business strategy. Furthermore, collecting data is the important way to get a reliable source. Due to this fact received from this

Participation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Participation - Essay ExampleWhat happens when a long-suffering is in a vegetative state-- a state of coma as called in medical terminology? What is the significance of such life in its true sense? How many years the patient is likely to survive in such vegetative state? And many such issues can be discussed threadbare without bringing any personal opinion.It bequeath be appropriate to quote some of the renowned authors, social reformists or medical experts to substantiate the arguments proposed. Only relevant quotes should be incorporated to highlight and chant the arguments. In-text citation is a must for the veracity of the arguments made in the essay. It should always be kept in mind that essay revolves around the thesis control and the essay does not deviate from the main topic. (How to Write)No easy is complete unless it takes into account diverse and opposite views. A full paragraph should be devoted in highlighting the diverse views on the subject. For example, in the top ic of Euthanasia, misuse is a biggest apprehension in the minds of people. What are the remedial measures that can be devised to counter this threat? What legal formalities should be in place? What kind of people or committee should have been in charge to provide the euthanasia?Concluding paragraph summarizes main arguments already presented and reinforces the thesis statement from the arguments made. One can also discuss why paper topic is significant. base on the above general outlines, any essay can be formulated logically in a concise and effective

Critically evaluate feminist arguments against the present system of Essay

Critically evaluate feminist arguments against the present system of wisdom - Essay ExampleThe movement also argued that light, besides perpetuating inequalities between sexes, is excessively think on rational positivism, specifically on matters of objectivity, exactness, and certainty that seemed in conflict with feminisms political ideals (Potter, 2006), and specifically with the development of a feminist science that focuses on womens interests. Feminist Critiques of Science Feminist discourses atomic number 18 stuffed with cases of sex activity inequalities, especially in the field of science. Since the 1960s, feminist critique of science have shifted from discourses that explained the likeliness of reforming the existing system of science to demands for a total reconstruction of the core bedrock of culture and science (Wyer, 2009). Radical feminism argues that the politics, ethics, metaphysics, and epistemologies of the prevailing system of science are male-biased and inte rdependent that in spite of the profoundly embedded Western cultural faith in the inherent objectivity or liberalism of science, science today caters mostly to reactionary or backward social inclinations and that sciences methods of creating and explaining meanings, its approaches to the process of research problem identification and experimental designs, its instruments and applications, and its social structure are not just androcentric but also culturally intimidating, rigidly hierarchical, and racially prejudiced (Outhwaite & Turner, 2007). As explained by Mayberry (2001), in their explorations of how the formation of gender identity, the gender-based differentiation of labour, and gender representation have shaped the historical development and principles of science, feminist scholars have questioned and debunked the social and intellectual system at their core. Feminists have commonly viewed practitioners of science as conspiring, unknowingly or intentionally, in the creation and perpetuation of cultural and social stereotypes about the two sexes. A good example is sociobiology, the field that associated animal conduct with human behavioural patterns. Sociobiologists generally believe that the environment has a negligible contribution to human development. They have attributed the greatest role to the genes. A well-known sociobiologist, E.O. Wilson argued that, It pays males to be aggressive, hasty, fickle, and undiscriminating. In theory it is more profitable for females to be coy, to hold back until they can identify males with the best genes... Human beings obey this biological principle faithfully (Wyer, 2008, 188). Because of such male-biased statements, feminists have fervently condemned the efforts of sociobiologists to validate and reinforce inequalities between the human sexes. Sociobiology promotes the idea that females are selective and favour monogamous relationships because these traits guarantee the reproduction of their genes. On the oth er hand, males are naturally promiscuous and prefer polygamous relationships to guarantee the transmission of their genes (Wyer, 2008, 188). Hilary Rose and Nancy Hartsock support and explained the value of a feminist standpoint perspective, and the enormousness of developing a form of science that gives consideration to women and womens worldview and knowledge. These feminist arguments against science blended with an array of other perspectives against positivism, or rigid objectivity and certainty, as the epistemological

Constitutional Law Essay Example for Free

Constitutional Law EssayConstitutional Law whitethorn be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic. Critically analyze the above statement using relevant causa law and statutory provisions. In looking at the above statement, I will attempt to define constitution, Constitution Law and constitutionalism and try to look into how the governments of the mankind especially Africa and the West, more specifically Kenya and the United states of America have tried to uphold constitutionalism and on the other hand how lack of it has brought the disregard of the constitutions by in most cases, the ruling elites and hence the statement Constitutional Law May be deemed elusive and immaterial when the constitutions in Consideration are either dead, hogwash and unrealistic. A constitution is a set of laws either written or unwritten that govern the relationship between the different organs of a government that is the Executi ve, Judiciary and the Legislature and the relationship between the government and the governed in a effrontery state or country. This is the supreme law of any given state. Constitutional Law is that branch of law that governs and guides constitutional interpretation and capital punishment as well as sets down the relationship between different entities of a state namely the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. It is essentially a body of law derived from a countrys written constitution that lays down and guides the duties and powers of the government, and the duties and rights of its citizens and residents. All States can be state to have some form of norm that governs the relationship between the arms of the government and a government and its people, however the problem comes in in implementation of the said norms.

The Un and Their Involvement in the Rwandan Genocide Essay Example for Free

The Un and Their Involvement in the Rwandan Genocide EssayIn this paper I will give a brief fib of the Genocide in Rwanda, and then I will focus on one key question What responsibilities did UNAMIR have to help, and did they successfully accomplish those responsiblities? History of Rwanda after the start of the First World War the Belgians moved east ward and took over Ruanda-Urundi (The colonies that were previously occupied by the Germans). In 1924, the League of Nations officially awarded that land to the Belgians.The Belgians maxim the differences and problems between the Hutus (the lower class farmers) and the Tutsis (mostly upper class herdsmen), and they decided to give control of the country over to the Tutsis. From then on the Tutsis began to abuse their power and they were supreme and abusive to the Hutus. In 1933 all citizens were required to have racial identity cards, which separated the two races even more. July 1962, Ruanda-Urundi gained their independence. The Urundi and Rwanda governments split and each formed separate countries.Urundi became a monarchy and changed its name to Burundi. Rwanda continued to have ethnic struggles and there was much violence. The first president elected was of the Hutu race. His name was Gregoire Kayibanda after the election the Tutsis were made out to be the bad guys, and they were blamed for everything. Things continued to get worse for the Tutsis, and in December 1963, after a few Tutsi militias entered into Rwanda, 14000 Tutsis were brutally murdered. In 1973, Kayibanda was removed from the government coiffeivity and Juvenal Habyarimana was put in as the new president.Habyarimana was very much anti-Tutsi and in 1986 he closed the Rwandan boarders to all Tutsis and even moderate Hutus. As opposition to the Habyarimana regimen many Tutsi officers from the Ugandan army, grouped up with Rwandan Tutsis and they formed the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front). On October 1, 1990, the officers deserted their army with all weapons and equipment in hand and moved into Southern Rwanda. This act begun what would be 4 years of the worst genocide in history. After the invasion of Southern Rwanda, the RPF moved North-East.Habyarimana defeated them with the aid of French paratroopers, provided by president Mitterrand. In December of 1990, an extremist newspaper prints The Hutu Ten Commandments which show the extreme hatred that the Hutu people had for the Tutsis. From that clock time on, the slaughtering of Tutsis continued, but there was pressure from many polar countries for Habyarimana to make peace with the RPF and the Tutsi people. In 1993, there was a meeting held in Arusha, Tanzania with the hope of bringing peace to all this was when the Arusha Accord was established.The Arusha Accord officially states that the war is over and that the remaining Tutsi refugees may return to Rwanda. The UN is called in to make sure that everything is carried out smoothly and they appoint a chapter 6 peace keeping force, UNIMAR, to live that out. On the 6th of April, 1994, the airplane carrying President Habyarimana and the President of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira, was shot down. Both Presidents were killed. This marked the end of negotiations for peace and, to put it lightly, all hell broke weak in Rwanda.Between April 6th and the beginning of July, 1994 a genocide occurred that is easily one of the biggest disasters in the history of the civilized world. UNAMIR The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was deployed during the time that peace talks were taking place. It was a Chapter 6 UN thrill and was sent to keep the peace between the two rivaling groups, oversee government activities, and ensure safeguard until elections took place. The United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) also played a role in the complaint for Rwanda and they were treated as a Sector within UNAMIR.UNOMUR was stationed in Kabale, which was on the Ugandan side of the Uganda/ Rwanda border opposite the area under RPF control they were to monitor the flow of men, arms, and supplies from Uganda to the RPF in Rwanda. Their force consisted of MILOBs. A Chapter 6 mission mandate states First of all, seek a resolution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their alternative.That was a nonher major problem, because when the killing was going on the troops were not allowed to defend themselves because they were only there to enforce peace by negotiation and not by way of force, as stated by the mandate. The ROE also stated that the military personnel were to, Only fire when fired upon. UNAMIR was an ill-equipped, undermanned, and severely limit mission. The troops in Rwanda totaled 2584 people they had virtually no means of transportation, very limited supplies, and very few weapons.Most of the equipment that they had was out-dated and virtuall y unusable. The mission had to put in requests for everything ranging from toilet paper to ammunition much of which was never provided. This was a large part of what made UNAMIR a complete failure. There was a complete lack of attention to the mission in Rwanda and no country wanted to provide resources to help. The reason that they could get no reinforcements or supplies was because of the unwillingness of westward countries to contribute anything.The exception to that is Belgium, who contributed most of the troops that were deployed into Rwanda. The different countries around the world saw the mission in Rwanda as a sideshow to the other things that were going on, for example, in the former Yugoslavia, in Somalia, etc. This unwillingness and unconcern was what allowed the Genocide to occur and what facilitated the deaths of 800,000 people in Rwanda. There are many reasons why UNAMIR failed, most of which I have attempted to explain, but it is impossible to point the finger at jus t one group.There were many different factors that contributed to the Genocide. UNAMIR itself tried as saturated as it could under the limited supplies and the mandate that they had. Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire did what he could with what he had, and he with the small contingent that he had saved the lives of many, but had he been given the things that he needed many thousands more could have been saved. This was not an organization, or a mission that failed it was the failure of humanity.

Estimating Cranial Capacity Essay Example for Free

Estimating Cranial Capacity EssayHuman beings share approximately 94% of their DNA with their closest living relative, the chimpanzee. Yet, when mavin compares the proliferation and accomplishments of these two closely link species, one finds huge differences human beings have spread across every continent but Antarctica erected towers and pyramids hundreds of meters tall crafted millions of beautiful works of art, literature, and music travelled distant beyond the Earths atmosphere, and deep into the crevices of its oceans and engineered enough weapons to wipe the whole world of life. In contrast, chimpanzees have remained largely confined to their jungle habitats, and amongst their greatest accomplishments is the stripping that twigs can poke insects out of holes. So, if humans and chimpanzees are so closely related, what can account for such a huge difference in their abilities? one and only(a) needs not think very hard to realize that the answer is brain-size. The chimp anzee brain is about half the size of the human brain, and this difference, of about 600 cubical centimeters, is the difference between sticks and space shuttles.Thus, because larger brains confer such an overwhelming evolutionary benefit in hominids, it is safe to say that a study of hominine brain size is no less than a study of hominine evolutionary advancement, as illustrated in the graph below, which is indicative of the results obtained from such studies. Fig 1 Scatter graph typical of results obtained when comparing cranial capacities of various species of fossil hominid. Since brain tissue deteriorates over time, the only way paleontologists can approximate the brain-size of nonexistent species is by studying the capacity of their fossilized craniums.This is known as craniometry. Given that it is such an important area of investigation, study into craniometry has been widespread and diverse, encompassing research from such eminent and eclectic figures as the evolutionary b iologist T. H. Huxley and the physician and anthropologist Paul Broca. Although such studies vary greatly in their scopes and applications, almost all utilize one of two standard craniometrical methods the nut case-bead technique (and variations like the lead-shot technique) and the caliper measurement technique.Because craniometrical researchers rely so much on these two methods, it is important that the the true of the methods is thoroughly investigated. Aim The purpose of this practical is to use the glass-bead and caliper techniques to measure the cranial capacity of hominid skulls, and compare the two sets of results obtained in an attempt to hear their concord, and therefore their accuracy. Materials and Methods The Glass Bead Technique Measuring Cylinder Glass Beads (or items of similar size such as mustard seed or lead shot) Funnel Cotton Wool The following skull specimens P. troglodytes (male and female specimens), G. gorilla (male and female specimens), P. pygmaeus (male and female specimens), H. sapiens (male specimen) To begin with, all of the foramina (holes) in the skulls, unpack for the foramina magnum, were plugged with cotton wool. Next, each skull was placed upside down.A funnel was then inserted into the foramen magnum of each skull and glass beads were poured into the cranial vault. Note that glass beads were used because they are small enough to approximate the viscosity of water, and large enough to prevent them falling through minor cracks in the skulls. When the cranial vault was completely packed with glass beads, they were transferred to a measuring cylinder, and their volume was recorded.

Yann Martels Life Of Pi 2001 Literature Essay

Yann Martels intent Of Pi 2001 Literature EssayYann Martels Booker-Prize winning legend Life of Pi (2001) narrates the nine months odyssey of Piscine Patel on the Pacific Ocean. Far from being unaccompanied a fascinating adventurous tale, this novel addresses important issues such as faith, individuality, cosmopolitanism, religion, and aras of cultural contact. Although the plot may seem to revolve mainly around Pi and Ric unrivalledrous Parker, Life of Pi deals extensively with the great military personnel project of toilsome to live together. By using Pi as his trans-cultural hero, Martel seems to insist on the need to constructively reformulate the adult male mind in relation to cosmopolitanism, lordly truth and religious identity. This papers aim is to bring let out the cosmopolitan message that Martel seeks to transmit to his readers and to show how the latter focuses on that part of our common gay identity that links us, instead of stressing on those identities that solo partially define and differentiate us. A cross-reference is likewise going to be made to bell ringers The Odyssey so as to highlight the idea of the equal treatment of all human beings, regardless of religion, culture, ethnicity and values, as prescribed by cosmopolitanism.Life of Pi is a novel which can be read in many different ways as an adventurous story, as an allegory of power, as a reflection on the superiority of imagination over reason, as an explanation of the intricate and complex bearing of humans and animals, and, of utmost importance to this essay, as a spiritual journeying or a quest for identity and as a metaphor of the cultural and religious conflicts that characterize every known human society.Culture and identity play a key role in many contemporary wars. Many philosophers and cultural theorists argue that the resolution of protracted ethnic and religious conflicts lies in the fostering and nurturing of cosmopolitan identities. First of all, what makes L ife of Pi an interesting platform for exploring trans-cultural and interfaith relationships is not merely Martels cosmopolitan background, but also the novels portrayal of the protagonists life before and after the shipwreck. Pi Patel grows up in Pondicherry, a former French territory on the Indian subcontinent, where Eastern and Western cultures inevitably pull through in close contact. To the dismay of grownups, particularly the representatives of different religions, the wise men as they are almost satirically referred to in the novel, Pi shows devotion to Hinduism, embraces and practices Christianity and Islam simultaneously. after his nine months in the lifeboat, he is hospitalized in Mexico and the author finally encounters him as an Indian immigrant in Toronto. Pis hybrid, multiple faiths and open-mindedness not only help him survive emotionally and physically but are also strengthened after the events. His house in Canada can be used as a proof to maintenance this statemen t the author describes the devotional articles that he finds in the protagonists house, ranging from a framed envisage of Ganesha, a unornamented wooden cross, a small framed picture of the virgin Mary of Guadalupe, to a framed photo of the black-robed Kaaba, holiest sanctum of Islam. Pi is thitherfore presented as a cosmopolitan, a citizen of the world, as he not only practices lead religions but is also at home in the worlds of science and theology, having achieved university degrees in both fields.Martel juxtaposes the young Pi Patels receptiveness to another(prenominal) cultures and religions to the intolerance of the troika religious figures encountered on the b all(prenominal) the priest, the imam and the pandit, each convinced of the singular truth of the path he taught. Each of them apoplectically try to impose the superiority and asperity of their respective faiths after discovering that Pi shows devotion to three different, opposing, and often conflicting religionsThe priest looked askance at both of them. Piscine, he nearly whispered, there is redemption only in Jesus.Balderdash Christians know nothing nearly religion, said the pandit.They strayed long ago from Gods path, said the imam.Wheres God in your religion? snapped the priest. You dont stand a single miracle to show for it. What kind of religion is that, without miracles?It isnt a circus with dead people jumping out of tombs all the time, thats what We Muslims stick to the essential miracle of existence. Birds flying, rain falling, crops growing-these are miracles enough for us.Feathers and rain are all very nice, but we like to know that God is truly with us.Is that so? Well, a whole lot of dear(p) it did God to be with you-you tried to kill him You banged him to a cross with great big nails. Is that a civilized way to treat a prophet? The prophet Muhammad-peace be upon him-brought us the word of God without any undignified nonsense and died at a ripe old age.The word of God? To tha t illiterate merchandiser of yours in the middle of the desert? Those were drooling epileptic fits brought on by the swaying of his camel, not divine revelation. That, or the sun frying his brainsWhereas Pi just wants to love God, the three religious leaders represent those who insist on believing in one, absolute truth. This location of world-wide coalition of cultures as Claude Levi- Strauss termed it, can be further exposit using Richard Burtons famous wordsAll Faith is false, all Faith is trueTruth is the shattered mirror strownIn myriad bits while each believesHis little bit the whole to own.Like Burton, Martel implies that absolute truth is inaccessible to human beings, who will probably never be able to understand it fully. Therefore, adhering slavishly and blindly to one faith without taking an interest in the practices and beliefs of others only contributes to obstruct empathy and makes ethnocentrism inescapable. The problem with most human beings and civilizations, as h ighlighted in Life of Pi and as extensively discussed by Appiah, appears to be that everyone believes that their particular faith is the all-comprehending and absolute truth. Everyone seems to be holding their little bit of their shattered mirror, guarding it protectively (almost jealously) from others and trying to see as much as they can in it. Gilroy describes such a situation as being one in which we are all sealed up inside our frozen cultural habits and where there is no workable precedent for adopting a more generous and creative view of how human beings might make known or act in concert across racial, ethnic, or civilizational divisions. What Appiah in turn proposes to cultural and religious differences reflects Pis own ideologies. For Appiah therefore, there is no agreed-upon answer- and the point is there doesnt need to be. He urges that it is of central importance for the benefit of humanity that we all learn about people in other places, take an interest in their civil izations, not because that will bring us to agreement, but because it will help us get used to one another. In this sense, Pis behavior towards Richard Parker can be read as a metaphor used to promote or idealize a cosmopolitan ideology among human beings.Appiah also carefully points out that we can perfectly live together without agreeing on what the values are that make it good to live together. If the world could share their myriad bits, human beings would have definitely been able to see a lot more clearly. Similarly, there exists no singular truth. There are many truths, take careing on our moralities and experience. As Pi reproaches to Mr. Okamoto and Mr. Chiba twice at the end of the novelTigers exist, lifeboats exist, oceans exist. Because the three have never come together in your narrow, limited experience, you refuse to believe that they might. Yet the plain fact is that the Tsimtsum brought them together and then sank.And at some later point in the same conversation,Lov e is hard to believe, ask any lover. Life is hard to believe, ask any scientist. God is hard to believe, ask any believer. What is your problem with hard to believe?Pi here implies that openness and the taking of interest in others lives and experiences are more enriching to human beings rather than further entombing themselves in what they believe is the absolute truth, thereby turning their own lives into yeastless factuality. Inspite of all his misadventures though, Pi not only remains faithful to all three religions but also admires the religious as well as the irreligious. Readers cannot disagree therefore with Pis statement that to choose interrogative sentence as a philosophy of life is akin to choosing immobility as a means of transportation. Similarly, closing ourselves into our set of beliefs and closing all doors to the appreciation of other cultures, civilizations and people is akin to living without any enriching human and cultural progress.Sharing a lifeboat with a ti ger for 227 days is considered as quasi-impossible both to believe and as a thing likely to occur. However, Martel beautifully uses imagination over reason to drag his readers in a kind of magical realism tour which requires a strong yet willing suspension of disbelief so as to show that such a thing is plausible and was actually experienced by the hero of his novel. Pi renounces to the initial idea of murdering Richard Parker because he realizes that if he does so, he will have no one to provide for, no one to depend on him and no reason at all to live. Thereupon, the tiger shifts from being a source of fear and a mortally threatening creature to a source of peace, purpose even wholeness. What Pi does therefore is that he uses his understanding of animals, acquired at the zoo, so as to establish a peaceful cohabitation between himself and Richard. accord to June Dwyer, Pis success lies in the fact that he respects the Others instincts, needs and values and gives him equal consider ation it is acceptance of the Other without imposing change on him.Since Richard has already claimed his part in the lifeboat, Pi decides to negotiate. So, instead of killing, he shares and instead of giving up his authority he makes it clear to the tiger what is his by also urinating on his territory. The tiger in turn, much to Pis surprise, reacts positively to the latters whistle-blows. What Martel is trying to show here is that the human and the tiger are capable of living together (even in a lifeboat with limited space) as long as each respects the others space. If two completely different creatures are able to live together peacefully, by do compromises and respecting each other, then it becomes very much possible for cosmopolitanism among humans to be completely disregarded as a mere set of utopian ideals, as is often claimed by many,or, put in straightforwardr terms, to be seen as a realistic utopia, as Nancy Fraser puts it.Likewise, bulls eyes most enduring hero, Odysseu s, celebrates someone seeking adventure and valuing the foreign and the strange.According to one definition, cosmopolitanism represents the attempt to exhibit a familiarity with, or appreciation of many parts and peoples of the world This definition aptly applies to both Life of Pi and The Odyssey. more like Pi himself, Odysseus is also shipwrecked, which leads him to encounter different people, civilizations, cultures and languages. We witness for example his admiration for the Phaiakians at some point in the book, and we see how he admires the latters polity. The simple swineherd Eumaeus, remarkable for his apparent striking similarity to Odysseus, also helps to better understand the shared human condition at that time. According to Patrick Deneen, Eumaeuss understanding of the situation of humanity relative to the gods is similar to that of Odysseus himself. This understanding leads to his realization that the human condition leads one to recognize that the parts of our human i dentity that link us number those identities that differentiate us. As he says to Odysseus, whom he meets as a begger, upon their first encounter,Stranger, I have no right to deny the stranger, not evenif one came to me who was meaner than you. All vagabondsand strangers are under Zeus, and the gift is a light and dear oneReaders are thus able to see how Eumaeus, as well as Odysseus, recognize the protection that Zeus accords to all human beings, even to the most desperate ones. Since readers are able to travel through different civilizations, cultures, mindsets and values in The Odyssey, comparisons between those who show kindness to strangers and those who do not (such as in the case of Polyphemus, Poseidons son) are made possible. In this sense, Telemachuss meetings with Nestor and Menelaus also allow Homer to explore the Greek code of xenia, or hospitality. As Bernard Knox argues in the introduction to Robert Fagless translation of The Odyssey, the obligation of attending to an d entertaining travelers is the closest The Odyssey comes to affirming an absolute moral principle. This also reminds of Nussbaums most explicit description of the duties or obligations of any citizen of the worldOur task as citizens of the world, and as educatorswho prepare people to be citizens of the world, will be to pressure the circles somehow toward the center, making all human beings like our fellow city dwellers. In other words, we need not give up our special affections and affiliations and identifications, whether case or ethnic or religious but we should work to make all human beings part of our community of dialogue and concern, showing respect for the human wherever it occurs, and allowing that respect to constrain our national and local politics.Likewise, the fond code of ancient Greek necessitated that one expresses kindness to strangers in foreign regions by receiving them into ones home. This social expectation of hospitality was so culturally crucial and signif icant that it was believed to be implemented by Zeus, the king of the gods. Both hosts offer their guest a fervent welcome even before they learn Telemachuss identity. Furthermore, this adherence and respect for the social norms enforced by the gods sharply demarcates Penelopes careless wooers plundering of Telemachuss home in Ithaca from Telemachus and Odysseus. Homer sets the right against the wrong by portraying the latter as hero and the suitors as villains. Although it is set in 700 BC, The Odyssey certainly sheds light on contemporary debates about cosmopolitanism. Martel on the other hand beautifully uses Pi as the hero of his novel, so as to transmit the innocent yet strong cosmopolitan and universal visions of a child, thereby providing more hope for a cosmopolitan future for the new generations.On a conclusive note, it can be noted that what Martel in a way wants his readers to know is that the persistent barriers of doubt, fear of the Other, ignorance, close-mindedness, racism and imaginative, long- held stereotypes are only vicious obstacles to the creation of a cosmopolitan world and fruitful human relations. In order for the human experience to progress therefore, these constant obstacles have to be destroyed. Indeed this book seems to suggest that the most appropriate and beneficial survey to be adopted in the 21st century is one of cosmopolitanism.

Developing a Compensator using Cerrobend Materials

Developing a Compensator exploitation Cerrobend MaterialsABSTRACTIn external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), dosage optimization is earnd by conforming the sexually transmitted disease distribution to the shape of the intended organise whilst minimizing radiation to normal tissues in close proximity to the stigma. This is achieved by modulating the intensities of the radiation crossways the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the discourse. Compensators may be used to achieve the above effect and can be used to approximate the fluence map by appropriate linear attenuation coefficient of individual beamlets making up the original open beam fluence. This may be d wholeness with a handling intend system of rules (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus move on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. This work describe the procedures for designing, constructing and dosimetric considerations of cerrobend compensator for full(pr enominal) energy photon beams, using the bolus option on the surface of the phantom planned with Prowess Panther TPS. Also field factors that account with effects of field size, discussion depth and changes in thickness ratio because of using bolus were introduced. The cerrobend compensator was adjusted to account for beam divagation and reduction in dose contributed by scattered radiation. The correction factors were applied to the thickness ratio for determination of appropriate thickness of cerrobend that mimic bolus. The measurements were done in Theratron Equinox 100 cobalt-60 teletherapy unit using Cerrobend slabs constructed to account for divergence of the beam for the maximum field size considered in this research (3030 cm2). The narrow and broad beam linear attenuation coefficient for cerrobend were determined using simple attenuation model, varying the field size from 44 cm2 to 3030 cm2 field sizes in air, and in any case varying the thickness of cerrobend from 0.5cm to 4.6cm. The value tack was 0.4574cm-1 and also the field size habituation of linear attenuation coefficient were investigated. The scatter produced by cerrobend was accessed and tryd. The scatter-to-primary ratio dose contribution was found to be negligible for small field size as describe by Dimitriadis (2002), and can cause error in the final dose calculation up to 13.3% for 3030 cm2 and 4.09 cm thickness of cerrobend. The cerrobend compensator was successful designed and constructed. The dosimetric accuracy for constructed cerrobend compensator was found to be deviating with that predicted with Prowess Panther Treatment Planning organisation with percentage error ranging from 0.365 to 25%, which is associated with limitations in producing precise thickness of cerrobend with the same accuracy of that generated by the equation 3.04 and limitations in generating flat surface topography and also the presence of air bubble in the cerrobend compensator which was not investigate d in thiswork.CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBACKGROUND pubic louse is a significant health c be problem. On average about half of all cancer patients argon slightnessed with radiation therapy worldwide (IAEA, 2004).Radiotherapy, also referred to as radiation therapy, radiation oncology or therapeutic radiology is one of the three modalities used to treat malignant disease (cancer) the other two creation chemotherapy and surgery (Suntharalingamn et al, 2005). Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to eradicate cancerous cells with the least possible damage to normal tissues.The first therapeutic use of ionizing radiation was demonstrated in 1897 by Wilhelm Alexander Freud, a German surgeon before Vienna Medical Society when he demonstrated the disappearance of a hairy inguen following treatment with x-ray (Hall, 2000). The first recorded experiment in radiobiology was also performed by Becquerel when he advertently left a radium container in his vest pocket and subsequently described the s kin erythema two weeks later (Hall, 2000).The modalities of radiotherapy are divided into two types, tele-therapy and brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is a method of treatment in which sealed sources are used to refund radiation at short distances by interstitial, intracavitary or surface application (Khan, 2010). Tele-therapy is a treatment modality in which the source of radiation is at a distance from the patient, also called external beam radiation therapy, it uses photons ranging from kilo voltage to megavoltage photons, and electron beams from linear accelerators or Co-60 tele therapy units. In External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT), the methodology of treatment depends on different factors, which may include the shape and size of the tumor to be treated indoors the patient, sparing of normal tissues wi comminuted the vicinity of the target from excessive irradiation, financial controls and the quest of optimization of radiation dose to the target. There are different treatmen t proficiencys ranging from 2-D conventional radiotherapy to more advanced Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT). IMRT is a treatment planning and delivery technique that can greatly change the process of conformal radiotherapy which refers to the process of blocking a beam with irregular shaped beam portal so that the dose delivered corresponds more closely to tumour whilst reducing the dose to normal tissue. In developing countries, most of the centrees are restricted to a Co-60 tele therapy unit with basic treatment planning and simulation capabilities.Patients innovate irregular surface topographies and tissue heterogeneities. According to Chang (2004), a compensator is a traditional tool for modern application and is an alternative IMRT delivery technique.In IMRT, the compensator is used not in the sense of compensating for missing tissue or tissue heterogeneity but as beam intensifier like dynamic wedges and multileaf collimators (MLC). The goal is to achieve dose uniform ity throughout the whole target volume and, more importantly to spare critical structures according to the dose and dose volume constraint prescribed by the clinicians for specific patients (Jiango et al, 1998). Therefore, compensators are designed to produce an optimized primary fluency profile at the patients surface. This is achieved by modulating the intensities of the radiation crossways the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment.There are various methods by which compensators can be made. According to Williams and Thwaites (2000), the three main types are grid-blocking system, contour system and a system using machined compensator. The first compensators made by Ellis et al. (1958) were constructed by stacking aluminum pillars. Another method reported by Lam et al. (1983) describes the construction of compensators from thin sheets of lead. Today compensators are more commonly made from molds filled with molten alloy or wax. Using molds is ad vantageous since it results in compensators with smoother surfaces and thus greater accuracy.To make a compensator for an IMRT practice, it is required to calculate the effective attenuation coefficient () of its materials, which is affected by various factors as field size, depth, off- axis distance, compensator thickness (Haghparast et al, 2013). A descend of elements have been used to form compensators which include tungsten-epoxy mixture (Xu et al, 2002), Lucite (Khan et al, 1970), gypsum (Weeks et al, 1988), tin-wax (Van et al, 1995), tin (Chang et al, 2000), cerrobend (Waltz BJ et al, 1973), steel (Van et al, 1995), aluminum (Ellis et al, 1959), brass (Ellis et al, 1959 Tess, 2014), lead (Leung et al, 1974 Cunnighan et al, 1976 Andrew et al, 1982 Spicka et al, 1988), coper (Tess, 2014). In this study, a cerrobend compensator result be constructed using a simple attenuation model to determine its effective attenuation coefficient. Film and an ionization chamber will be used f or dosimetric measurements and for verification of measured dose distribution and compared with those calculated with the PROWESS Panther TPS software at Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital.PROBLEM STATEMENTIn external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), dose optimization is achieved by conforming the dose distribution to the shape of the intended target whilst minimizing radiation to normal tissues in close proximity to the target. Most dosimetric measurements are done on flat surface and homogenous medium, however patients surface is highly irregular and internal tissues are heterogeneous. The main aim of radiation therapy is to deliver uniform dose distribution within +7 % and 5 % (ICRU report 50, 1993) of the dose prescription without exceeding the tolerance dose of the critical structure some tumor volume. To achieve this goal, the above irregularities should be corrected. Thus different studies suggested and implemented bolus which is a tissue equivalent material placed at the surface of the p atient to compensate the missing tissue. However, this technique doesnt spare the skin beneath the bolus. This is because, the buildup region is in the bolus and Dmax (depth of maximum dose) will be at skin surface. To solve such(prenominal) complications compensators have been introduced by different people on different approaches to correct both surface irregularity and tissue heterogeneity which is now done by using MLC based IMRT.Advanced technological innovations in anatomic and functional imaging modalities (CT, MRI, PET, and US) have led to improved visualization and the delineation of tumour. Radiation treatment planning and delivered techniques have also seen a marked improvement. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) provides a high degree of dose conformity to the planning target volume (PTV) and the conformal avoidance of organs at risk. Therefore radiation field is not only geometrically shaped to conform to the outline of the planning target volume at the beams eye v iew, but is also intensity modulated.The National Centre for Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) presently uses alkane series wax for construction of a compensator and cerrobend for shielding blocks, but there is a need to implement physical compensator based IMRT using materials which are available in the Centre and is inexpensive. This research will focus on design and construction and dosimetric considerations of cerrobend compensators to modulate the intensities of the radiation across the radiation portals forming the irradiation geometry used for the treatment. aimSGENERAL OBJECTIVEThe general objective of this work is designing and constructing a compensator using cerrobend materials.SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESTo clarify the effect of scattered photons generated within the compensator on head scatter factor.To evaluate dosimetric accuracy and dose coverage.To compare and evaluate measured and predicted data.To evaluate the variation of dose distrib ution by the compensator.SCOPE AND LIMITATIONThe mount of this thesis is in the area of the IMRT by means of physical compensators specifically using cerrobend which are manually fabricated. In most centres which are practicing IMRT, the construction of the compensator to provide the needed prosody is done by generating a fluency map of the radiation portal needed. This is done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. The bolus option will be used in this research as currently there is no TPS in the country that can do inverse planning. In this case, the cerrobend compensator will be used to replicate dosimetric effects of the bolus placed on the surface of the patient. According to Jiang et al (1998), the calculation of compensator thickness profile (an optimized primary fluency profile) is straightforward typically using the exponentially attenuation model. With boo k of facts to this, the shape of the compensator will be adjusted to account for beam divergence and reduction in dose contributed by scattered radiation. Thus the dosimetric considerations is part of the scope of this research. The measurement will be made from a Co-60 tele therapy machine at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH).RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT WORKIn radiation oncology, a patient should get the best treatment option as much as possible in order to improve quality of patient care. So the expected results such as correction factors to account for reduction in scatter for using the cerrobend compensator to mimic bolus would have immense contribution to scientific and skilful knowledge. From this work, it will be possible to implement IMRT delivering technique at National Centre for Radiotherapy and Nuclear medicine of Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital. The clinical implementation of IMRT technique requires at least two systems (Khan, 2010), which are treatment planning computer syste m that can calculate non-uniform fluence maps for multiple beams directed from different directions to maximize dose to target while minimizing dose to critical normal structures. This may be done with a treatment planning system (TPS) with inverse planning capabilities or with a bolus placed on the surface of the patient at the beam entrance point. The second one, is a system delivering a non-uniform fluence as planned, so each of these systems must be appropriately tested and commissioned before the actual clinical use. The bolus option will be used in this research as currently there is no TPS in the country that can do inverse planning. The cerrobend compensator will be used to replicate dosimetric effects of the bolus placed on the surface of the patient. Similar research was done using different materials by Teclehaimanot (2014) in which the results were not in the clinically acceptable levels, so with this work we are expecting to reach such clinical levels with deviation les s than 5%.Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is widely used in clinical applications in authentic countries, for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases. This technique uses multiple radiation beams of non-uniform intensities. The beams are modulated to the required intensity maps for delivering highly conformal doses of radiation to the treatment targets, while sparing the bordering normal tissue structures. This treatment technique has superior dosimetric advantages over 2-dimensional (2D) and conventional 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) treatments. It can potentially benefit the patient in three ways. Firstly, by improving conformity with target dose, it can reduce the probability of in-field recurrence. Secondly, by reducing irradiation of normal tissue, it can minimize the degree of morbidity associated with treatment. Finally, by facilitating escalation of dose, it can improve local control (Cheung, 2006).Compensator based IMRT has a lot of ad vantages over MLC, many literature reported by Taherkhani (2010), report that the penumbra regions created by MLCs are larger than those generated by cerrobend blocks. Compensators provide more consistent dose, impose no limitations on the dose delivery rate, reduce skin surface doses, and because of the high concentration of the cerrobend allows improved skin sparing with low production rate of secondary electrons (Gray, 1979 Hine, 1951) reported by Shery (1987). It gives continuous intensity modulation, high spatial resolution, gives room to treat large field size, easy quality assurance (QA), shorter treatment time delivery with some drawbacks which are lack of automation (Chang, 2004), but there are some disadvantages like the therapist having to go to the treatment room to change the compensator in multiple fields and production cost, being labor intensive and time consuming. But now these drawbacks have been fixed in many developed countries by introducing a milling machine which is incorporated with the Treatment Planning System (TPS), and an automated compensator-IMRT technique (Javedan et al. 2008).Other main advantage of using cerrobend in this research are its low melting point of 1580F (700C) which makes it easy to be recycled. It is pronto available, inexpensive, high density (9.8g/cm3) and is used as shielding blocks in EBRT where doses are reduced by 95% or 99% of their initial value.As a material for compensation with high energy photons, cerrobend provides several advantages over tissue equivalent material (Shery, 1987). In the past, Cerrobend had not been considered as an excellent compensator material disrespect its high density. Recently Chang et al (2004) found that there are cerrobend filling techniques that produce smooth and accurate compensators with consistent density. Solidified Cerrobend in the compensator mold becomes one of the top choices of compensator material. And it can be easily shaped to the intended form with uniform de nsity using the technique described by (Chang, 2004).Chang et al (2004) showed that compensator-IMRT technique has several benefits for delivering continuous intensity modulation and have shown that the finer resolution compensator-IMRT technique can also produce dosimetry that is closer to the ideal IMRT treatment (without any delivery limitation) compared with the segmental MLC IMRT technique. From this work the patients treated at the National Centre of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine will benefit from all the advantages of IMRT techniques mentioned above. Consequently patients will also get a better and inexpensive treatment option.