The Bad Influences of Television

Let’s admit it. We love watching television. In fact, we love it so much that we can spend hours just sitting in front of our small boxes just to get our dose of must-see TV. Television offers us all kinds of things to keep our eyes glued to the small screen such as late night talk shows, hit comedy sitcoms, and games shows that keep you guessing which briefcase contains a million dollars. With all the hours we spend on watching television, there is no doubt that somehow it has influenced us somehow. Although that it can influence attitudes of adults, older audiences can discard certain themes since we already have our own preferences.However, television can be a very dangerous influence to young children who are still developing their brains. This paper shall discuss the negative influences of television on children and how these problems can be solved. Sex is a common problem that parents encounter with television. Some shows usually have sexual themes that are not suitable for young audiences. These images may stay with the child as they grow up and lead them to become sexually active in a very early age. Since they do not have adequate information about sex in early ages, this can cause a child to become pregnant or get infected with STDs.Aside from seeing these images, television shows may also have scenes wherein the characters are discussing sex. This is just as dangerous as seeing these images for they can also affect the child by making them more curious about what the characters are talking about. To give you an idea how violence can be a great influence on children, American viewers see an average of â€Å"200,000 acts of violence before they reach the age of 18† (How TV affects your Child) and this can be a very serious problem in the future if it is not addressed properly.Violence on television causes some problems such as emulating the images they see, traumatic stress on the child, and loss of sympathy to those who are suffering. Pr otagonists in TV shows have great influence on children. Whenever children see their favorite superhero kicking or punching the â€Å"bad guy† and save eventually â€Å"saving the day† they will think that these actions are correct as long as the superhero does it. Aside from suggesting violent actions to children, children may imitate these actions for fun because they would imagine themselves as these superheroes.Aside from causing children to imitate violent actions, these images may also cause trauma to a child. Frightening images of monsters may have some traumatic side effects on children since they still cannot distinguish the difference between the real world and a fictional one. Finally, watching too much violence on television can lead to a loss of sympathy towards people who are suffering. Just like an antagonist who fails in the end of the show, children would think that those who are suffering deserve it since they have done something bad before.Finally ob esity is another problem that parents may face with television. TV can cause children to reduce their time to play and exercise since they will be sitting down for hours. Aside from becoming very passive, children usually tend to have snacks while watching due to the commercial of the famous brand potato chips they just saw. So not only will they lack exercise, children will also begin to eat kinds of food that do not have any nutritional value, which is a very important factor in growing up.Aside from obesity, television can also cause a child to become anti-social since they would usually spend more hours watching rather than interacting or playing with others. As we have seen in this paper, television can be a very dangerous influence on children. However, there are things that we can do solve this dilemma. First of all, parents need to always monitor what their children are watching. This will allow the parent to keep their child from watching shows that are inappropriate for th eir age.Parents should also be familiar with the shows that their children are watching so they could see immediately whether or not their child can watch the show. Parents should also reason out to the child whenever they are watching television. They need to explain to their child the images they see on television to prevent them from imitating these images or seeing them in the wrong light. Works Cited â€Å"How TV affects your child. † KidsHealth. org. 20 Sept. 2007 â€Å"Facts and Statistics. † Parentstv. org. 20 Sept. 2007

Critique on Mm Theory Essay

It does not matter what the firm’s dividend policy is (Modigliani and Miller 958). The basic assumptions of MM theory are: 1 . The company only has the long-term bonds and common stocks, both bonds and stock trade in the complete capital market with no transaction cost; 2. The individual investors and corporate investors could gain the same interest rate with no liability risk; 3. The companies with similar operating conditions have the same business risks; 4. Investors hold the same expectations on the average business profit in future; 5. All cash flows are perpetual annuities, including EBIT (Earnings before interest and tax) etc, that is, the growth ate of the enterprise is zero (Modigliani and Miller 1958). The development of MM theory mostly experienced three stages: 1 . No-tax model. The first MM model takes no account of corporate taxations; 2. Corporate tax model. Modigliani and Miller (1963) published Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction, which loosened its initial assumptions, introduced corporate tax into MM theory(Modigliani and Miller 1963); 3. Miller model. Merton H. Miller (1976) proposed to consider corporate tax and individual tax in estimating how the debt leverage impacts the value of firm (Miller 1977). During the past 50-year, MM theory has made tremendous academic achievements for western companies in exploring the optimal capital structure and reducing capital costs etc. Firstly, it provides a research frame of reference and theoretical basis. Since that, most of the capital theories are base on MM theory, such as Pecking-order Theory, Trade-off Theory, and Agency Theory etc. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital structure theories systematic and builds a framework for the development of capital structure theories. Secondly, MM theory makes the capital tructure theory systematically, as there was not a system of traditional capital structure theory. Last, but not least, it is only a general description of the traditional capital structure theory. While MM theory uses modern analytical methods, such as partial equilibrium, mathematical analysis etc, therefore, it makes MM theory become reliable. Despite tremendous achievements, there are still limitations in MM theory. First, the assumptions are too harsh, and most of them cannot be achieved in reality. To illustrate, MM theory assumes that individuals and corporations could borrow at the ore than what corporations do, as well as bear a higher risk. Furthermore, MM theory also assumes there is no transaction cost, which extremely differs from the real transaction process. Second, the assumptions are beyond the reality, although the logic derivation is correct, the conclusions still differs. Both corporate tax model and Miller model suppose that corporation should raise the liability as much as possible in order to maximise the value of the firm, in extremity, up to 100% liability. However, none of enterprises adopt this point. Third, MM theory stands at a static erspective, and does not consider the external economic environment and the impact on capital structure by changing enterprise’s production and operating conditions. In fact, many factors, which affect the capital structures, are variable. For example, companies should cut down their liabilities appropriately in order to reduce business risks, when the socio-economic experiences a recession. According to MM theory, the value of tax saving is associated with the corporate income tax rate. That is, the higher corporate income tax rate, the more tax deductible the corporation could achieve from financing by liability. In other words, corporations are inclined to finance by liabilities rather than equity financing in relative higher corporate income tax rate countries, and vice versa. Under the actual situation in China, the corporate income tax is much higher than other countries in the world; corporations should prefer financing from debt theoretically (Huang and Zhang 2007). However, actually, the capital structure of Chinese enterprises runs counter to the MM theory and other capital structure theories. The proportion of liability financing in China is far less than the proportion of equity financing (Huang and Song 2006). First of all, there is merely no mechanism in applying MM theory. In accordance with the MM theory, both individual and institutional investors can process arbitrage actions freely in the capital markets. In western well-developed capital markets, there is a wide range of fund-raising channels and other financing options, the arbitrage mechanisms usually affect the markets. However, at present, the market mechanism is not fully developed in China, as well as capital market is under-developed. Thus, these limit the financing options and forms; make it difficult to carry out arbitrage activities. Generally, MM theory cannot be applied.

Hong Kongs Approach to Financial Stability Essay - 1

Hong Kongs Approach to Financial Stability - Essay Example The fact that during a crisis there is a limited amount of time to solve the crises situation makes it even more difficult. Most of the crises oppose as threats to major organization and thus if not properly dealt with results to serious consequences to the organization. It may be the downfall of the certain organization or company facing the crises. Most of the financial organization lack a crises manager whose main work is to foresee the unpredictable circumstances or events that pose as a threat to the organization. This makes it even more difficult to face the problems. Planning in detail for response to as many potential crises is crucial. Due to the financial constrains that most of the organization face it becomes very difficult to set a lot of funds aside to plan in response for a crisis? Establishing monitoring systems to foresee the threats in an organization is also very expensive. Training and the establishment of a crises management team is very crucial which little financial organization take for granted. It becomes very difficult for an untrained team to handle crises and in many cases; they will mismanage the crises (Chan et al, 102). Because of the recognition that financial crises are probably unavoidable; the authorities in Hong Kong have maintained a conservative approach to regulatory and supervisory policies. a number of policies have been carried out in the Hong Kong’s Approach to ensure that there is financial stability in avoidance of crises. If there were better warning signs and indictors, organization could have the ability of avoiding major crises such as the trans-Atlantic financial crises. Many warning indicators have been set in the many departments to alert organizations in case of any crises to result. Market intelligence is also an important strategy employed by the different organizational departments when dealing with crises. Cooperation between essential organizational departments has also

Ethics Case Anaysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics Case Anaysis - Essay Example The facts of the case reveals that at the time of Speaker’s flight, the diagnosis of his condition corresponded to an untreatable, and even more importantly, and highly contagious form of the tuberculosis (Harrigan, 2010). An airplane is essentially a closed tube with recycled air being circulated within the place during the entire duration of the flight. Therefore, Speaker had knowingly put numerous other patients in danger of counteracting an untreatable, highly contagious and life threatening disease. Not only have the passengers within the place but also the people in their surrounding environment (household, workplace, etc.) been threatened by Speaker’s decision to take a flight (Morrison, 2011). The principle of beneficence has a very strong relevance in this given situation. Speaker had a moral obligation to act in a manner that promotes the health and wellbeing of others. The right to autonomy comes with a responsibility. Speaker failed to uphold this responsibi lity (Shahian & Normand, 2012). The Centre for Disease Control has acted ethically when it involuntarily quarantined Andre Speaker. The Centre for Disease Control is responsible for making decisions in the larger interest of the public. Even after the differential diagnosis showed that Speaker’s tuberculosis is a treatable form of the disease, Speaker still remains a threat to the public health. Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease through the nasal cavity (Harrigan, 2010). The disease is also air borne which raises the degree of threat to the public in a significant manner. For this reason, CDC has acted both ethically and in line with its organizational objective by making the decision to quarantine Andre Speaker (Morrison, 2011). Had CDC left the decision of quarantine up to Speaker, then this would have been unethical. The principle of beneficence has a much stronger relevance in the situation given above than the principle of autonomy. The principle of

Limited Liability Corporations and Partnerships Essay

Limited Liability Corporations and Partnerships - Essay Example It integrates properties of general partnerships with properties of corporations. This form of business ownership is common among professionals in ‘service-oriented’ industries such as law and accountancy. The partnership restricts liability to partners who either directly or indirectly, through negligence or malpractice, initiate such liabilities. Other aspects of the form of business are however similar to those of the general partnership (Miller, 2012). The scope of a limited liability partnership, as a business enterprise, therefore identifies a number of roles. One of such roles is to undertake production process. Whether the partnership deals in goods or services, it converts resources such as labor and raw materials into more refined and consumable products. As a result, limited liability partnerships play the role of ensuring consumer’s utility through provision of either goods or services or both. Another role of a limited liability partnership involves m arketing of its products. Based on competition among players in a market, each enterprise develops strategies towards attracting and retaining customers. The organizations also face the role of financial management. Being profit oriented enterprises, limited liability partnerships focuses on managing their finances to meet their production costs and needs. Financial management is also important in ensuring minimized production costs for higher profit margins. Another role of the organization involves recruitment and management of human resource. Being an employer together with the need to develop an efficient labor force initiates the responsibility of managing personnel. Like any other form of business organization, limited liability partnerships have a role in social responsibility. The organizations must ensure that their activities are friendly to their environments and that they make efforts to benefit their immediate societies (Miller, 2012; Sde, n.d.). Advantages of limited l iability partnerships The main advantage of a limited liability partnership is the limitation of partner’s liabilities. This protects partners from negligence, mistakes, and fraud by other partners. In addition, limitation of partners’ liability to responsibility over losses promotes diligence and improved efficiency in operations. This is because partners know that they are solely responsible for their faults. Another advantage of a limited liability partnership is its wider base for raising capital from many partners (Miller, 2012). Disadvantages of limited liability partnerships One of the major disadvantages of limited liability partnerships is the freedom of partners to operate independently within the partnership. This means that decisions are individually made and may conflict with the organization’s objectives. Limiting liability to responsibility of partners is also a threat to innovation due to fear of bearing associated losses (Miller, 2012). Limited liability corporations and their roles Limited liability corporations are business organizations with separate legal entities. The owners of the business are different from the management team that is normally composed of board of directors and senior employees. Like in limited liability

Denialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Denialism - Essay Example In most cases of such dissenters, the stronger the emotion behind their beliefs, the more they are likely to invariably use cognitive inaccuracies to hold onto the false belief. In general, human beings tend to believe that there is a reason, and a physical logical one at that, why certain things happen. This especially true where emotional subjects such as the health of children is concerned. For example, they will feel that there is a reason why autistic children are that way. Some parents will also use examples of coincidental situations that occur to prove that there is a connection between autism and vaccinations. For instance, if a child dies soon after being vaccinated, its parents are likely to use that incident as justification for refusing to let their other children get vaccinated. Also, people have the tendency of expressing reservations on only the procedures that they are able to remember easily. In most cases where children receive vaccinations, they have no adverse re actions to them. This is an extremely common occurrence that is never reported on. Moreover, the media will report extensively whenever a child has adverse reactions to a vaccine. ... In the false consensus effect, parents are led to believe that the subject belief concerning the danger of vaccines is one which is widely held. This is mainly the result of being exposed to selective data through various elements of the media (Specter, 2009). In addition, most parents have no way of getting feedback from others about questions regarding this premise due to the unspoken rules regarding social interaction. For instance, if a parent suspects that his son or daughter is autistic because of the administrations of multiple vaccines, this view is not likely to be corrected by others or by doctors because it is unlikely that the parent will express it out loud. In recent years, the people who believe that vaccines cause autism have been influenced by the consistency with which the media reports on the subject of vaccines in relation to autism. It is also a fact that the parents who feel that vaccines are the actual cause of their children’s autism are more speak abou t it more often than those who do not believe this. Another reason why people might be persuaded about the accuracy of this inaccuracy is that it is the one issue over which they feel that they have control. Healthcare, in most nations, is the responsibility of government ministries; which many people distrust. Most citizens in nations around the world do not have a choice about the vaccines that their children get because governments have determined that the child’s rights to health are more important than the parent’s feelings about the matter. In some nations, children are vaccinated before being allowed to attend school while in others, parents are obligated to deliver the child to clinics for vaccinations. Many parents are irritated by the fact

Analyze the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyze the article - Essay Example A drop in the stock market has increased adverse selection and moral hazards because it has resulted in a weakening of the market value of firms' net worth, so lenders are less eager to lend, as deficits from loans are likely to be acute. This decline in lending has then triggered investment and aggregate yield to decline. Also, the waning corporate net worth has increased moral hazard inducements for companies to make risky investments because they now have less to lose. Again this increase in moral hazard makes lending less attractive. The failure of financial institutions in the mortgage debacle, together with the drop in the stock market has led to uncertainty in financial markets. It is more difficult to determine good from bad credit, which again has resulted to a fall in lending, investment and cumulative activity. The source of the current bank panic therefore, is asymmetric information. The result is that loan funds have been reduced and the price of intermediation has risen, which has caused a drop in investment and a decline in aggregate economic activity (Mishkin).

Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Financial Management - Essay Example They should who the business is currently progressing and how it is likely to perform in the future. Accounting has its objectives which it is supposed to fulfil. In order to fulfil these objectives, there are concepts and conventions that have to be followed and adhered to. This essay describes ten accounting concepts citing practical examples for each concept. The essay will distinguish between the concepts which are contained in IAS1 from those that are not contained in the IAS1. IAS1 accounting concepts Consistency The first concept of accounting is the consistency. The accounting records should be consistent. The financial statements of one financial year should be consistent with the financial statement of another financial year (Stickney, 2010). They should be easily comparable. There are instances where the methods used in the preparation of financial statement of a certain year are changed in the next financial year hence it becomes difficult to compare the two. This should only be done when the reason is very genuine and satisfactory. Otherwise, the methods should always be similar. A good real life example of the consistency concept is that of a company that uses straight line method in computing depreciation of assets. In all the subsequent years, straight line basis should be used in the computation. This will enable the comparison of depreciation in various financial years. Going Concern Under this concept, it is assumed that an entity should continue to operate for an indefinite period. Recording of assets in the financial statement should be on the basis of original costs rather than the market value (Stickney, 2010). In addition, the concept assumes that the assets will be useful in the business for an indefinite period of time. The idea is that there is no intention to sell the assets in the foreseeable future. In preparing the financial statement, the management is supposed to keep in mind that the business will be in operation for a long per iod of time and in case there are any plans that there are some assets which will be liquidated in the near future, disclosures should be made on the statements. A real life example of a going concern is where a business is being sold to another person. The business will be sold with all its operations, liabilities and assets as they were under the ownership of the previous owner. Nothing should be changed since under the going concern concept, the business is expected to continue as it is indefinitely. Accrual basis It is the requirement under IAS1 that the financial statements of a business entity should be prepared on the accounting accrual basis (Stickney, 2010). Only the cash flow is exempt from this requirement. This means that revenue is supposed to be recorded in the time it was earned. It does not matter when the money or the earnings will actually be received. In the case of expenses, they should be recognized in the year they were incurred and the time they have actually been paid does not matter. For instance, if the business issues goods on credit in a certain financial year, this transaction should be recorded in the financial statement of that year even if the money is to be received in subsequent year(s). Materiality In a business, there are transactions which have the ability to affect the decision making of the management (Stickney, 2010). Such transactions

Health system REPORT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health system REPORT - Assignment Example By decreasing the financial support of the public, the health care providers were also allowed and forced to obtain profits on particular types of treatments and the sale of drugs, therefore bringing numerous moral hazard problems, which like in the United States caused a substantial cost inflammation and promoted inequality in accessing the health care services (Giuliano & Droms, 2012). The present health care system is a product of numerous local experiments and health care reforms can be described by a complete structure as shown in the flowchart. Essentially, the system plan builds on a separation of the public into three collections referred to as A, B, and C in line with the job functions. The A-collection consists of employees in all levels of research institutions, public health sector, education system, government, the army, public organizations, and Non-governmental like institutions. The Public Health Service Administration Act from the year 1988 governs this A-collection of individuals. The B-collection is comprised of all types of enterprises in the urban regions, and they are governed by the judgments of the state council concerning the structure of an all-inclusive medical care improvement among workers in the urban areas. The C-collection is made up of the rural area population, and any regulation does not cover them. However, a small portion of those individuals in the C-collection is governed by the new rural cooperative health care strategy. These individuals are typically the farmers situated nearby the south eastern part of the seaside area (Hougaard, Østerdal, & Yu, 2011). Furthermore, there lack certified statistics that display the comparative sizes of the three collections. However, according to Hougaard et al., (2011), a rough estimate exists which shows that collection A comprises of 5%, B comprises of 11%, and C comprises of 64% of the entire population. Moreover, we give emphasis to

Romeo & Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet is true story written as a play, by William Shakespeare in the Elizabethan time in the 17th Century. This was the period when young girls which was classed as young women and the roles of women was limited, especially those that were rich was never seen outdoors, when venturing outside it was a lot more limited, had private tutoring, educating them to a very high standard and everything would be brought to them, as Juliet in the play is to confined to protect her virginity. This was when woman were owned by fathers then suitable husbands, which were expected to accept. The tradition was Courtney Love, when a man, often a knight, had to woo (gently persuade) a lady to be his love. This sometimes meant singing to her beneath her balcony. She was supposed to play it very cool for a while, as Juliet says she ought to in this scene. It was all sort of a game. The play is about a boy and a girl who fall in love, but remains to keep it secret of their family feud. There is a lot of use of imagery language in the play, one of the example is the balcony scene, where Romeo comes to find Juliet after the party and find her in her balcony. This is at night, where the darkness makes them feel safe, somewhere they can truly be alone. At the balcony scene where Romeo meets Juliet for the second time, he talks about how Juliet is so pretty she is and how she is beautiful than the moon itself the envious moon, this is a simile because he is saying the moon is jealous as it is a symbol of chastity. By saying that it gives us an image of Juliet more beautiful than the moon, so Juliet must seem to be glowing making the night light and bright. The balcony scene is when the audience is shown that the live is real and eternal. Another image of light and darkness is Juliets sun, people cant live without the sun so Romeo cant live without Juliet , so metaphorically Romeo is saying she lightens up the world for Romeo. I think the two images are very powerful, but to be used after only knowing each other after somewhat of couple hours is rather extreme and exaggeration, so at this point I dont find this convincing at all towards the idea of the two are in love. The images of love are as strong as those of light and dark, the first is, Or if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love And Ill no longer be a Capulet Juliet claims that she will lose her identity if he swears to lobe her, she here gives us an imagery of a big sacrifice because they loves each other, but this to me, I wonder if it is really is that simple? I think the couple dont need to worry about the name; it shouldnt matter if they love each other. A name would be perfectly insignificant, Juliet denies the reality of the situation which is she will never be allowed to marry Romeo because of the feud of the two families, so Romeo and Juliet love must remain secret, so the imagery she uses shows us that thus live cannot and does not survive on earth, which all turns the situation into somewhat of a fairytale. They do die soon later in the play, so this scene shows the audience that it is a special love. Another imagery of love is when Romeo goes on to claim that love can help him to perform such features as climbing tall walls-With loves light wing did I operch these walls, For stony limits cannot hold love out. This again is a metaphor, which is very unrealistic, a feeling cannot give you power to fly, but it is aright for the couples in love. Their love goes beyond the earth, almost heavenly. However, Romeo is flirting with her, not giving her direct truthful responses. Later he uses the word love four times. He talks of love as a actual person. He believes their love to b strong that he personifies it. As if he has brought them together. When asked how he found the garden, he actually describes the personified love as someone hes in partnership with. He gives love extra power. With loves live wings did I oeroperch these walls, For stony limits cannot hols love out; And what love can do, that dares love attempt; Therefore thy kinsmen are no stop to me. Juliet declares in line 133, that her bounty is as boundless as the sea, this is metaphorical term, saying about her generosity. The love she has to give him is so great, not even the sea can obstruct it, the term giving Juliets live somewhat of a infinite quality and eternal. This is off course is unrealistic, but it is similar to Elizabethan voyage of discovery to the new world, to seek out the worlds end, this is yet not found therefore Juliets love is the same, boundless Other images are of birds, Shakespeare the, changes mood when Juliet talks of birds and captivity. We now see interesting images, shown by Juliet, Hist, Romeo, hist! O for a falconers voice, To lure this tassel-gentle back again. Juliet trying to get Romeo to come back to her, she uses the language of falconry, which was an extremely popular sport with the Elizabethan nobility. A tassel was a high-prized male peregrine, this suggest that she feels confident as falconer to her very own, tassel-gentle, Romeo, it is unusual to see her like this in her age. Juliet is dominating the situation. She changes in two days from a little girl to a women, it shows her strength of character, her determination and her love. So I think this is very successful in making the audience realise the two are in love. On the other hand , we have an image of a spoilt child possessing a pet-And yet no farther than a wantons bird, Who lets it hop a little from her hand, Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gives, This gives us and image of Juliet holding Romeo by a string, and she has control of him, as she can pluck him back whenever she wishes, and gyves are prisoner with ropes and chain, this is the case that Juliet is a controlling female, could be of the high standard of her rich life, who is obsessed with Romeo and enjoys having him, whenever she favours, in a little fantasy of hers. For conclusion, I think in the balcony scene, many different images were shown although there were few actual images, which was effective in convincing the audience that the two are in love. There were only few realistic images, whereas unrealistic images present us with unlikely ideas such as Juliets sun, where the audience was given the idea that she was the light to the world. The image of angels might have been used to symbolise that the couple is not meant to be in earth, a little hint from Shakespeare, but overall I think there was enough images and idea given to back up the love of Romeo and Juliet.

Prayer Rituals Of Islam Religion Essay

Prayer Rituals Of Islam Religion Essay There are many religions of the world, mostly all consisting of a ritual of prayer of some sort. Islam is the second largest religion of the world after Christianity. Like almost all religions, Islam also has rituals of prayer. These rituals consist of purifying oneself before prayers, the call for prayer, also known as the azaan, the salah or the prayer, and reciting the holy Quran. These prayer rituals are a part of the daily life of a Muslim. The salah starts right after the Azaan or the call for prayer. It is recited by the Muazzin who is the man who recites in Arabic, the call for prayer. This call is recited in Arabic. In English translation it means , I confess there is no God but God, I confess there is no God but God. I confess Muhammad (PBUH) is the apostle of God. The people listening to this reply the same. The Muazzin says, Come to prayer. The listeners reply I have no power or strength but from God most High and Great. The Muazzin says, Come to God. The listeners reply, What God wills will be; what He wills not will not be. Lastly, the first two claims are recited once again to end off the call for prayer to all Muslims. The Azaan is not only a call for prayer to Muslims, it is also a reminder to all the believers that there is no God but Allah and that the Prophet (PBUH) was his messenger. This claim is also the basis of the shahadah or the Islamic creed. The azaan thus serves a double purpose; it is an announ cement of the time of prayer and at the same time an announcement of the principles of Islam and the significance underlying them. It replaces the meaningless ringing of a bell or the blowing of a trumpet by the most effective propaganda of religion that can be thought of. (A Manual of Hadith) The azaan can be signified as the wakeup call for all believers, serving as a reminder of God. Then comes the actual ritual of praying, the salah. This prayer consists of physical movements of the body along with holy words and phrases in Arabic. Firstly, one must be clean and pure and be standing in clean place, facing the Kaaba, the House of God. The prayer starts out as one stands up straight with hands by the sides, making an intention to pray. I have purposed to offer up to God only, with a sincere heart, with my face towards Kaaba. Then, the hands are raised upto the ear lobes, reciting, Allahu Akbar meaning, Allah is the greatest. The hands are brought back down and the right hand is placed above the left hand. Both hands are placed below the navel for men and above the navel for women. The gaze is lowered towards the floor. In this position, recitations are made. I seek refuge near God from cursed Satan. In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. Following this, the first chapter of the holy Quran is recited. After that, the person is to recite any part of th e Quran and as much as he/she wants to recite. Once that is said, the worshipper must once again recite Allahu Akbar, meaning, Allah is the greatest. Then, the worshipper is to bend down as to place the palms of the hands on the knees. In this position, the worshipper must recite I praise the holiness of my Lord, the Great three times and stand back up with hands by the sides. Now he/she is to recite, God hears Him who praises Him: O Lord, Thou art praised. After this, the worshipper goes down on the knees and places his forehead on the floor with the palms of the hands placed on the floor next to the head. The feet are to be resting upon the toes. In this position, the person is to recite I praise the holiness of my Lord, the Most High. Then, the person sits up, placing his/her hands above the knees and recites Allahu Akbar. In a few seconds, the person goes back down to the bow and recites the same phrase as the last prostration. This marks the end of the first rakat. (The faith o f Islm) Depending on the time of day and which prayer is being recited, the number of rakats varies. For example, for Fajr, the prayer before sunrise, and the third prayer, there are four rakats, for Dhurr, the afternoon prayer, there are 12 rakats. There are seven rakats for the evening prayer, Maghrib, and for the last prayer of the day, Isha, there are nine rakats. The same procedure follows for every prayer. This form of prayer is mandatory and required by all Muslims as it is one of the pillars of Islam. There is no substitute for this prayer. It is a must-do. This ritual is the most important as it provides the person to connect with God through communication. Muslims believe that through salah, they can get a chance to communicate with God directly. Among ritual worships, Salah occupies the key position for two reasons. Firstly, it is the distinctive mark of a believer. Secondly, it prevents an individual from all sorts of abominations and vices by providing him chances of direct communion with his Creator five times a day, wherein he renews his covenant with God and seeks His guidance again and againSalah is the first practical manifestation of faith and also the foremost of the basic conditions for the success of the believers. (Islam In Concept) Not only does the salah keep the individual on a spiritual path and connected with God, it also keeps the body in motion and physically ac tive, serving as a great health purpose. Being the key of all rituals of Islam, the salah serves to be the most connective and spiritual ritual of Islam. Another type of prayer ritual is reciting the Holy Quran. The Quran is the holy book of Islam as compared to the Bible of the Christians and the Torah of the Jews. Just like the Hindus recite their Bhagavad Gita and the Jews recite their Torah, Muslims also recite the Quran. In Islam, reciting the Quran is a form of prayer. Muslims claim that the Quran is the word of God. Therefore, it is considered a holy and prayer-like task to recite it. Not only does one have to recite the words of the Quran, it is also important to understand the meaning of them as well as it is written in Arabic. This is a form of worship and prayer. When you recite the Quran and contemplate its meanings, you take a positive step toward achieving happiness. Allah described the Quran as being guidance, light, and a cure for what is in the breasts of men. He also described it as being a Mercy. (Dont be sad) Reciting the Quran is a form or prayer because Allah Himself claims in it that it will bring blessings and happiness in life. It is described to be like a handbook for our lives that we must follow, so reciting and understanding the Quran go hand in hand to establish a prayer. It is very common for Muslims to recite the Quran or perform salah when a difficulty arises in life, whatever it may be as Quran and salah have been the source of guidance towards a righteous path. A righteous person once said: I felt a cloud of depression and anxiety was hanging over me. I picked up the Quran and I read it for a period of time. Then, by Allah, the depression and anxiety disappeared and happiness along with tranquility took their place. (dont be sad) Reciting the Quran is a way of remembering God and keeping in mind his rules and regulations of life that are outlined in it. Along with performing salah, daily recitations keep the thought of God active in ones mind. It is also a way of seeking refuge from Satan. The Prophet (PBUH) claims that Allah has ordained that any man who engages himself in the recitation of Quran so oftenly that he finds no time for supplication I shall provide him more without asking than those who ask. (Principles of Islam) From this, we can conclude that reciting the holy Quran is not only a way of seeking Gods guidance, it also a reminder for all believers of Gods mercy and power. Religions of all people provide rituals of prayer. Islam offers several rituals of prayer such as the sacred washing (wudhu), call for prayer or the azaan, performing the salah, and reciting the Quran. Whatever the ritual may be, they all provide ways of connecting with God. Al-Omar, Abdur Rahman. The Religion of Truth. Saudi Arabia: Maktaba Dar-Us-Salam, 51-52. Print.

Both Sides of Stem Cell Research Essay -- essays research papers

Stem Cell Research Paper Stem cell research has been quite a controversial topic since its origin in the 1960s by Gopal Das and Joseph Altman. Of course, anything that uses a human embryo would be. Stem cell research could open a vast number of new doors for modern science, it could let us test new drugs, one of which could be the unfound cure for AIDS or Alzheimer’s disease. However, this branch of science comes at a high price, the price of a human life that is only five to six days old (NIH). It is quite nearly impossible to take a stand in this argument from an unbiased viewpoint. What is a stem cell? A stem cell is an unspecialized cell, meaning it is not a heart, brain, or any other type of cell that has a special purpose, so it can take the form of any other type of cell. In other words, the fate of these cells has not been determined yet! This means that once inserted and given the right signal or trigger, the stem cell can adapt and divide like all of the cells in the area. Many leading Health Institutes are actively trying to find another way of getting such unspecialized cells. One way that many scientists are supporting is the freezing of the Placenta (Wikipedia). The Placenta is the mother’s tissue to the umbilical cord of the fetus is attached. If frozen, placenta can later help the baby that the female gave birth to by providing unspecialized stem cells. The major drawback of this method is that the Placental stem cells will only work for the baby that was attached to it through the umbilical cord (Wikipedia). There are four types of stem ce lls, Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent. Totipotent cells can become any type of tissue in the body (including the Placenta) and are only found in the ... ...ls it takes, to treat a patch or maybe even a microscopic patch (CNN). Researchers, Religious figures, and political figures opposing stem cell research hotly argue if killing a baby for some stem cells is a void reason. Right now, no one side has gained favor over the other. Stem cell research has been an extremely notorious topic of debate in today’s world. Both sides have been trying to gain the edge for many years, but it is still hard to tell who is winning this debate. Those in favor of stem cell research believe that stem cells will help open doors in modern science to cures, ideas, and new methods. On the opposing side, however, the people believe that killing a baby is a inhumane act, and will only hurt humankind. All in all, the balance in this debate seems to be even, however, this might change if one side brings forward convincing piece of evidence. Both Sides of Stem Cell Research Essay -- essays research papers Stem Cell Research Paper Stem cell research has been quite a controversial topic since its origin in the 1960s by Gopal Das and Joseph Altman. Of course, anything that uses a human embryo would be. Stem cell research could open a vast number of new doors for modern science, it could let us test new drugs, one of which could be the unfound cure for AIDS or Alzheimer’s disease. However, this branch of science comes at a high price, the price of a human life that is only five to six days old (NIH). It is quite nearly impossible to take a stand in this argument from an unbiased viewpoint. What is a stem cell? A stem cell is an unspecialized cell, meaning it is not a heart, brain, or any other type of cell that has a special purpose, so it can take the form of any other type of cell. In other words, the fate of these cells has not been determined yet! This means that once inserted and given the right signal or trigger, the stem cell can adapt and divide like all of the cells in the area. Many leading Health Institutes are actively trying to find another way of getting such unspecialized cells. One way that many scientists are supporting is the freezing of the Placenta (Wikipedia). The Placenta is the mother’s tissue to the umbilical cord of the fetus is attached. If frozen, placenta can later help the baby that the female gave birth to by providing unspecialized stem cells. The major drawback of this method is that the Placental stem cells will only work for the baby that was attached to it through the umbilical cord (Wikipedia). There are four types of stem ce lls, Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent. Totipotent cells can become any type of tissue in the body (including the Placenta) and are only found in the ... ...ls it takes, to treat a patch or maybe even a microscopic patch (CNN). Researchers, Religious figures, and political figures opposing stem cell research hotly argue if killing a baby for some stem cells is a void reason. Right now, no one side has gained favor over the other. Stem cell research has been an extremely notorious topic of debate in today’s world. Both sides have been trying to gain the edge for many years, but it is still hard to tell who is winning this debate. Those in favor of stem cell research believe that stem cells will help open doors in modern science to cures, ideas, and new methods. On the opposing side, however, the people believe that killing a baby is a inhumane act, and will only hurt humankind. All in all, the balance in this debate seems to be even, however, this might change if one side brings forward convincing piece of evidence.

The Power of Computers and Technology :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Power of Computers While I was sitting at my PC, I began looking for a song to download. All of the sudden, the screen went blank. I knew that I hadn't touched the power strip, so I was dumbfounded by its sudden halt. I used every key possible to try and revive my dying machine. I frantically decided to turn the power off, but, before I could, a small green cursor blinked on the screen. I tried to type but nothing worked. Not knowing what to do, I switched the power to off and was amazed that the blinking green cursor was still alive. It was a normal boring day. I had returned home from work and decided to fool around on my computer. The computer lived in my room; it had its own space and a small lamp that provided light for typing. Although my computer was the most recent edition, it had once been infected with one of the many viruses. Because of this I decided to go on the net and sign up for a trial virus doctor, which is a program that helps to get rid of computer viruses. Being so disgusted with myself for obtaining the awful disease, I downloaded the program without reading any of the labels. I then proceeded to look for a new to download when all of a sudden the screen went blank. The emerald cursor skipped across the screen typing as it went. " Initializing data and preceding with extermination of hostile data." My mouth dropped to the floor as I sat there speechless. I then typed in " Stop program." The computer then replied, "Why do you want me to stop doing what you hired us to do?" "Us? Who do you mean by us?" "I mean the network of computers that you hired to fix your PC. It figures, all of you humans never do any research before jumping into things." " What are you talking about? I don't even know what's going on here." "See, that's exactly what I'm talking about. You just downloaded me a few minutes ago, and now you are mad because we're doing our job." " No! Wait one minute! I downloaded a virus doctor to fix my computer, not some psycho program so a kid could hack into my computer." " Wow you really don't know what's going on.

poetry is a social act rather than an isolated object :: essays research papers

Is poetry a social act rather than an isolated object? Is poetry meant to be shared with others, or meant for the individual? Personally I can think of examples that would justify both of these statements. Poetry itself is almost impossible to define but to describe a poem, as a â€Å"social act† or an â€Å"isolated object† doesn’t necessarily mean that the next poem is. There are however cases that would suggest that poetry does indeed lean more towards the â€Å"social act† description allotted by this particular essay-title. One point that arose during a discussion with a fellow student concerning this question was that poetry itself originated from song: the medium of song itself being a very social form of expression so logically poetry is also a social form of expression. I personally agree with this point and firmly believe that the origins of poetry do lie in the social act of singing. But one of the most unique, fascinating and potent qualities of poetry (of which there are a few) is its state of flux, it is constantly changing and re-inventing itself so to think of poetry as a mere derivative or deviation of song is to miss the point of poetry entirely. One prominent social re-invention of poetry that comes to mind is that of the â€Å"Beat Movement†. The "Beat Movement" in modern literature has become an important period in the history of literature and society in America in particular but also around the world. Incorporating influences such as jazz, art, literature, philosophy and religion, the beat writers created a new and prophetic vision of modern life and changed the way a generation of people see/saw the world. One of the most important contributions to contemporary verse was to take poetry out of the classrooms and into non-academic setting coffee houses, jazz clubs, large public auditoriums and even athletic stadiums making it an even more social act/form of expression. Poetry is more popular and more read at this time than anytime in previous history, not only spoken poetry but also sung poetry of a high order, reminiscent of poetries origins. Keeping this further socialisation of poetry in mind I would a lso like to stress the point that although poetry was in its most social environment yet the emphasis was firmly on the individual and their individual poetry, attempting to isolate their poetry from all previously heard. So in the ideal situation although the act would be social, the object would be isolated.

Education †Law Essay

Life is too short for acquiring knowledge. Student life is mainly meant for studies. A student who devotes his full energy and time to his studies is a good son of his motherland. India needs mentally alert and able young men and women. It is the duty of students to acquire as much knowledge as they can during their student life. A nation of undisciplined citizens can never make any progress. Such a nation is always in danger of extinction. Indiscipline is a serious drawback of our national life. Not only students but also mature citizens, responsible leaders and honorable legislators, often behave in an undisciplined way. This shows that they did not get proper training in early life. Naturally, it becomes the most important duty of students to be fully disciplined. They should be disciplined in every thought and action. No one can become disciplined. It is essential in their life outside schools and colleges. The damaging of public property, burning of buses etc., are all signs of indiscipline. They are anit-national activities. Students must not indulge in them. During the national struggle for freedom, students were asked to take active part in the struggle. But in free India students must devote all their time to their studies. However, political parties use them to gain their own ends. In Gujarat, in Punjab, in Assam, in Bihar, and in other parts of the country, students were used as tools. They took part in agitations against price-rise, unemployment, or for the dissolution of some Legislative Assembly or the other at the cost of their studies. Students must safeguard themselves against their involvement in politics. It simply means wastage of time and energy. Only mature minds can be successful in politics. the first duty of students is to carry on their studies. They should avoid politics. A nation does not live by its big factories, dams or buildings. It can live only by the character of its people. During three hundred years of foreign rule, our moral character was shaken. Students are yet in the process of training. It is their sacred duty to build up their character. They must learn from the very beginning the lesson of self-help, self-reliance and self-sacrifice. These are the essential qualities of character which they  must acquire. They should learn to co-operate with each other in their class-rooms, on playgrounds and in other activities of college life. For them no duty is of greater importance than the development of character. Today communalism threatens to break the country into pieces. Religion is being used to secure votes. This must not be done. It is the duty of students to see that religion is declined from politics. Religion must not be misused for political purposes. Further, students must shun violence. Violence leads to terrorism. Every effort must be made to do away with it. Students as citizens of India must play an active part in putting down such evils. Students should participate in the political life of the country, but not at the cost of their studies. No doubt, the voting age has now been lowered to 18 years, but this does not mean that they should neglect their studies. Seasoned and experienced leaders are there to shape the destiny of the nation. Students will be required to take their place when they retire. They are the future builders of the nation. Their duty in the present is to prepare for the future. They should be well equipped morally, emotionally, mentally and physically. In this way alone would they do discharging their duty to their motherland.

Acknowledgement of report Essay

I had sincerely expressed my ineptness & gratitude towards Max Life Insurance for giving me an opportunity to join this esteem organization for 45 days of summer training. My summer training in Max Life Insurance Kurukshetra, of duration 45 days has been quite successful. During my stay for 45 days, I had received full co-operation from employees and officers of the Max Life Insurance. The practical visualization of the summer training has helped me to understand a lot of practical things. In order to acquire myself to the task of the organization and to analyze them, I met staff who helped by their kind co-operation and guidance. During the training they have been giving the practical knowledge .I would be special thank to our college faculty (HOD) under supervision this topic. This Acknowledgement would be incomplete if I fail to express my deep gratitude towards all the facility of Kurukshetra Institute who gave me a lot of support and guidance .Last but not least I would be special gratitude to our all friends who heartening me to complete this project. PREFACE In our two year degree program of M.B.A of theirs provision for doing training, after 2nd semester. The essential purpose of this project is given an exposure and detailed outlook to the student of practical concept, which they already studied research. For this purpose, I assigned the project for the â€Å"RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION â€Å"in MAX LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY. It is a matter of great privilege to get training from MAX, One of the largest organizations of its kind. I hope this report will provide an experiment outlook to the dynamic functioning in the HR DEPTT. Of this company.

Cell Transport Lab

â€Å"Cell Transport Lab† Hypothesis: I hypothesis that there will be a movement of molecules out of the egg, and will move into the water solution. Osmosis will occur within the egg, and in the process the molecules of the egg will diffuse. Time (hrs)| Observations| Circumference (cm)| 0| * Egg is of normal weight and size * No membrane is being shown, and is almost perfect| * 14 centimeters| * 24| * Egg has gotten larger taking in some of the water * Shell is soft | * 15 centimeters| * 48| * It larger now than before, opaque in appearance * Firm to touch| * 16 centimeter| * 72| * Transparent almost see through, fluid inside is visible * It has become even more firm and hard| * 17 centimeters| Conclusion: 1. The egg changed exactly three centimeters in size from 14 centimeter, to 17 centimeters. 2.Yes my hypothesis was correct, osmosis occurred and the molecules in the egg transferred and in a result the egg took in water. 3. The type of transport that will occur within the e gg will be osmosis. Displacement occurred within the egg, when water was taken in within the egg. 4. The liquid goes through the membranes of lettuce or spinach cells and surges the overall firmness of the leaves. 5. What I think will happen to the egg if you put it in syrup, would be that the egg will egg deflate a little from the humongous state and go back to normal. Maybe the water will come out from the egg and go within the syrup somehow.

Race: White People and Color Purple Essay

What does race means? To me race means where we come from, the color of my skin, appearance and the beliefs I follow. Even though for many people is the skin color or the appearance of a person. Many of the minority races had being treated unequally in the United States since early colonization. Over time there has being an increase of Hispanics, Blacks and Asians, each one bringing new experiences to the country and changing it in a good way. I have learned in my choice unit books, that many people just see someone’s skin color to try to figure out how they are instead of their personality. Most of the characters in those books had experience racism, lack of education, and economic statue. Each of the main characters had different stories, and went through different hardships but there is one thing in common. They come from a different culture and a poor family. Racism is one of the main issues of this country since slavery was introduced to the colonies and so did I saw it in different book and films this year. As I notice while reading The Color Purple whites has most of the superiority and so did man of any race. Sofia a big girl who wasn’t afraid of anyone and always talked back when there was something she didn’t like. One time she met a white woman and asked her if Sofia will like to work as her maid. Sofia refused that offered and so the white woman’s husband asked her again and she refused again, so the man slapped her and so Sofia responded back. At the end she was sent to jail for hitting a white person and was sentenced to work on the white’s family house for many years. She couldn’t see her children for many years or any one from her family. This example shows how many whites have superiority over certain race. Before you didn’t have to be rich, to be superior, you just needed to be white in order to set the rules, vote, and to be free in a few days if there was a crime. In my history class I saw a documentary how an African American 14 years old boy was killed just for talking to a white women and his case to get the guilty men in prison wasn’t that successful, and those men were set free and declared not guilty. After a few days a press told them they will receive money if they told the media the truth and so did the white men confessed and were sent to jail. This was a victory for the boy’s mom, but still they left an empty whole in that boy’s family. This is one of the few cases in the early years that a crime was solve to favor African Americans and many were just forgotten. Now days we have seeing that there is a huge percentage of color people dropping school every day. Many of these kids face pregnancy at an early age, they start looking for jobs, etc. In The Color Purple, Celie was abused by her stepfather and had two kids with him. He always lowered her esteem by telling her she was dumb and fat. She didn’t want to go to school for this causes but slowly she started learning how to read and write because her sister helped her. Later on she created her own store and triumph in life. Also in the film A Better Life we can see how a community of Hispanics has lowered education and many of the gangs are formed inside school. Schools are supposed to represent a safety environment so everyone can learn. The school environment I saw in the film was kind of like a jail. Police was everywhere the school and many kids had tattoos everywhere in their body. Many poor cities are more likely to have a lack of education and many of them are black or Latinos. In Macho, the people in Mexico living in that city were struggling for a job. The ones that had a job didn’t make a lot of money to bring food to their families. Since that’s a big issue, many falls in the hands of coyotes and try to immigrate illegally to its neighbor country which is the United States. Many try to get a working visa but also many fail, and the only choice they had was to travel by the desert. A lot of people died in the process of passing border or they were left to die or they were shot but gang members. In conclusion races are the one that define this country because many of us came from different cultures. We came to the United States to find freedom, which the first amendment allowed to us, also to escape poverty of our countries, and give our family a better future. Many of the families that migrate to this country do it in different forms. Many innocent people face discriminations and racism because of their skin color or how they look. Their communities’ faces lack of educations, many of the schools are not receiving help from the government. Poor communities are the ones that have a lot of diversity including blacks, Hispanic and Asians. This people have hardship looking for jobs and sometimes their only choice is to join a gang. Race has changed this country in different ways, and hopefully in years racism will have a different face.

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Review - Essay Example o take people’s property and rarely are they prosecuted, but even if they face charges, rarely do they spend a night in prison since they have all the money they require for bail. Michael Moore produced the documentary on 2009 in association with Anne Moore. The essay will relay detailed and precise information on how capitalism tore the US apart as depicted in Moore’s documentary and how this directly affected the nation’s economy. In the beginning of the documentary, Moore shows how the US government evicts hard working American citizens from their homes just because there was a delay in mortgage payment. According to Moore, the repossessed houses usually go back to real estate agencies such as â€Å"Condo Vultures† who resell them to other willing buyers while the previous owners are left homeless with no place to go (Moore). Moore further states that if one is of higher class, he could easily acquire property five times more than anybody else could. This is because he or she has powerful connections that normally conceal the acts. This is what Moore refers as the law of life. For instance, whereas many low class Americans were being evicted from their homes that were later on being sold, other people such as owners of â€Å"Condo Vultures†, a real estate agency based in Florida flourished rapidly from selling repossessed homes (Moore). It is because of this that the US experienced weakened uni ons, more political powers granted to corporations in addition to widened socioeconomic gap between the high class and lower class persons (Moore). Apart from foreclosures, other illegal activities highlighted in the documentary include the children’s’ cash scandal where two judges; Mark Ciavarella and Michael Conahan received millions of dollars from Robert Mericle an owner of two private juvenile facilities. The two judges were accused of receiving the money in return, they were to increase the number of prisoners referred to Mericle’s juvenile facilities

Locating Bony Landmarks Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Locating Bony Landmarks - Coursework Example To locate the bony structure that engulfs the chest is known as the thoracic cage or rib cage and is made up of 25 different bones: 24 ribs and1 sternum. The sternum is a thin horizontal bone that is made up of three joined bones namely of the xiphoid process, the gladiolus, and the manubrium. The manubrium is the most superior fragment of the sternum and has a unique concave superior design called the suprasternal notch. One can feel the suprasternal notch by inserting the middle finger of your hand straight in the frontal midline at the back of the neck. The horizontal facet of the manubrium, note the coastal aspect of the first pair of rib and the demi facet for the second pair rib. The frame of the sternum is the central, elongated section of the sternum whose horizontal margins are concave six times. Once with a demi facet for the second pair of rib and five times with coastal surfaces for third pair ribs and pair numbers seven. The sternal outlook the brim of merging between th e body and the manubrium is an essentially quantifiable landmark as it is the location of connection of the second rib, lesser to which is the second intercostal space. At this particular points, auscultation of distinct heart valves can best be felt. The xiphoid process is the lower-most section of the sternum and has no coastal surfaces linked with it. Normally the xiphoid process is a small sword-like however occasionally it is bifid and from time to time it has a foramen or hole in it. In both males and females, there are 12 pairs of ribs.

How Have the Yoruba People Contributed to Modern Mathematics Essay

How Have the Yoruba People Contributed to Modern Mathematics - Essay Example Although people normally think of mathematics as coming from a European tradition, there is also a strong African tradition of mathematics.   This tradition goes all the way back to ancient Egypt when early mathematicians devised the formulas necessary to build the Great Pyramids.   It is the basic assumption of the current report that two important additions to mathematics made by Africa include innovations from Egypt and from the Yoruba tradition, and that these additions have direct relationships to the modern world today, in terms of connecting mainstream mathematics with African traditions. First of all, there is the Egyptian tradition, as mentioned in Lumpkin’s in-depth research on mathematics.   As noted, Egypt had a rich tradition of mathematics and geometry in very ancient times.   Ancient times can be connected to modern times, as this author notes because today they feel â€Å"fortunate to have been alerted to a reference to "an Egyptian zero" while discussing AE mathematics with Egyptologist Frank Yurco in Chicago. This reference was based not on a mathematical papyrus, but on balance sheets in papyrus Bulaq 18† (Lumpkin, 2009).   This Bulaq was a bookkeeping record kept by the ancient Egyptians thousands of years ago, showing that although these years have passed, we have something in common with the ancient world.   The idea of true zero is a very mathematically advanced one that has been discovered by many cultures.   It is not just Europe but also places like Africa and China, where the ancient meets the modern in mathematical theory.à ‚   People in bookkeeping today are still using true zero to do such tasks as making absolute transfers.   â€Å"There was also a zero reference level marked on construction lines used as early as 2700 BCE. These lines, still visible at Old Kingdom  pyramids and tombs, show the beginning of metricizing space† (Lumpkin, 2009).   The ancient Egyptian Africans used these advanced mathematical concepts to build their monumental architecture, just like architects today.

British Prime Minister Become Too Powerful Essay

British Prime Minister Become Too Powerful - Essay Example Prime minister is the party leader in the House of Commons because of rights accorded in selecting the cabinet, deciding agenda in cabinet meetings; hand out most of the departmental positions where he also chairs the parliamentary progress. The prime minister who is in the House of Commons has authorities to dismiss ministers from the house. He has power to direct and control policies for the government as the chief executive. The prime minister is ultimately accountable for policies and government decisions, he also oversees the civil service and other governmental agencies and appoints cabinet members and serves as the principal government member in the House of Commons. He or she heads the government, providing political leadership within the government cabinet system and the country at large. Its specific tasks include appointment and dismissal of government ministers, presiding over the cabinet and its committee (Dooley 172). It is also bound to set date of meetings and general elections and as well present the state in the international arena. According to Kevin Dooley (2009), the British prime minister is the most powerful voice in the British politics. The British prime minister is elected by the majority party in the House of Commons. The connection allows the British prime minister to have the ability to be actively engaged. The prime minister is ultimately accountable for policies and government decisions, he also oversees the civil service and other governmental agencies.

The Substance Abuse Treatment Program in North Dakota Assignment

The Substance Abuse Treatment Program in North Dakota - Assignment Example As such, DCS does not have the instruments of coercion with which to handle violent outbreaks and acts of lawlessness which characterize incarceration. Offenders facing drug charges are to be treated immediately they are established to be addicted to hard drugs such as narcotics and are brought under prison custody. What informs this proposition is the need to foster public and prison health and safety. It is dangerous to have cocaine addicts in prison. The addict may have a violent predisposition or die because of the inability to access the drugs. Drug treatment for hard-drug addicted offenders will also help win the war on drugs. Drugs such as cigarettes may not fall within this rubric due to their relatively mild effects. Ideally, people facing drug charges are to be incarcerated when they are: peddling the hard drugs and substances; engaging in and abetting criminal activities such as forceful conscription into drugs; proven to be dangerous to others and to public order. From a personal standpoint, the most effective drug treatment method is the administration of psychosocial therapy. This is because psychosocial therapy factors the role of the individual and the strength of his will in defeating addiction. According to Gladding, and Wallace, psychosocial therapy in drug rehabilitation is vindicated by the fact that most people have recovered from drug addiction on their own and that the success or failure of any drug rehabilitation program pivots on personal will (Gladding and Wallace, 22, 23).  Ã‚  

Prescription Drug Monitoring and Drug Abuse Article

Prescription Drug Monitoring and Drug Abuse - Article Example With high rates of abuse of opiate analgesics among teenagers in the United States, a particularly urgent priority is the investigation of best practices for treating pain in adolescents as well as the development of prevention strategies to reduce diversion and abuse." This addresses the issue of the abuse and misuse of prescription drugs. Determining whether or not a person is abusing or is addicted to a prescription medication can be a daunting task for officials. This is particularly true for patients receiving chronic pain relievers such as opioids (Compton, Darakjian, and Miotto, 1998). Prescription drugs that are commonly prescribed for this purpose include fentanyl, hydromorphone, meperidine, morphine, and oxycodone. Opioid analgesics appear to be the prescription drugs most commonly abused (Weaver and Schnoll, 2002 and Zachny, et al, 2003). "In 2002, opioid analgesics accounted for 9.85% of all drug a... identifying the causes and sources of diversion, without interfering with legitimate medical practice and patient care" (Gilson, Ryan, Joranson, and Dahl, 2004, pg. 1). Search Strategies Since this manuscript is academic in nature, only academic journals were used as reference material. An Internet search was conducted utilizing a keyword search of 'prescription drug monitoring and drug abuse.' When the results were returned via the Google search engine, 'scholarly resources' for the keyword string was chosen and the resources were carefully picked from that subcategory according to content and relevance. Background/Significance According to Bedell (2000, pg. 2129), "Misuse of medications is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Few studies have examined the frequency of, and factors associated with, discrepancies between what doctors prescribe and what patients take in actual practice. Discrepancies among recorded and reported medications were common and involved all classes of medications, including cardiac and prescription drugs. Older age and polypharmacy were the most significant correlates of discrepancy. The pervasiveness of discrepancies can have significant health care implications, and action is urgently needed to address their causes. Such action would likely have a positive impact on patient care." Chronic, nonmalignant pain is often treated with opiate drugs. Due to the addictive nature of opiates, this practice is quite controversial. One study on the problem took place at Seattle's VA Medical Center. It was designed to "create opiate abuse criteria, test inter-rater reliability of the criteria, apply the criteria to a group of chronic pain patients, and correlate the risk of opiate abuse with the results of alcohol and drug testing" (Chabal,

When You Are Old Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

When You Are Old - Essay Example But famous Irish poet, William Butler Yeats (1865 – 1935) in his poem â€Å"When You are Old† remind us about a person who loved our soul and sorrows. Yeats succeeded in describing the pathetic conditions when somebody becomes old. He says that the dark hairs will be grayed; the youthful active energy will give way for tiredness or sleeping. He says that when you became old, your eyes will not work properly and hence you will not be able to read properly. He reminds us that the old age is all about our youthful and childhood sweet memories. He says that all the sweet memories at the childhood or youth period may be due to the physical attractiveness. Everybody cared or loved you because of your physical specialties Human being is considered to be made of body, mind and spirit. Body and mind believed to be finished by the death of a person while the soul is believed to be alive still. So the love and affection demonstrated towards body and mind will not last long. Most of the people love the happy side of one’s life. The happy side of life will mostly started to diminish once a person getting older and older and hence the love offered by others may also started to diminish. Such love can be termed as temporary. It is under these circumstances, the old person may have to think about a person who loved his soul and sorrows. The love demonstrated towards the soul is the everlasting one since the soul believed to be last forever and hence only that love can be termed as the real or true love. disappear. On the other hand a love shown towards the soul can be considered as the everlasting one since the soul believed to be exists for ever. The poet though his poem â€Å"When You Are Old† mentioned below compares two types of love; physical love and spiritual

Pakistan Today Essay Example for Free

Pakistan Today Essay Pakistan has faced many problems ever since it came into existence. 63 years have been passed and the situation is getting worse day by day. Today Pakistan is facing all kinds of problems e.g. Inflation, Illiteracy, Unemployment, Corruption, Feudalism, Terrorism, Natural Disasters. Before the water goes over the head, it’s the time that the youth of Pakistan stands and plays their role in development of the country which we got after many sacrifices. The bud of nation’s future finds a fragrant blooming in the hands of its youth. It’s the time of culmination when the youth must realize and individually shoulder the responsibility of resuscitation of Pakistan in every aspect viz. social, economical, political, administrative etc. Development of a strong nation demands youth possessing steely will power, mighty determination and tremendous grit. For this the youth itself must be fully sound and armor itself with all essential qualities so that modern Pakistan sees its unprecedented growth and development by skilled finishers. Youth are the real sculptors of the nation. What is actually required in the present scenario is to unleash the immense latent patriotism and chauvinism among youth, which will lit the fire of responsibility and will dedicatedly involve them in the upliftment of the nation. Albert Einstein once said,†Problem cannot be solved by the level of thinking that created them†. So in order to eradicate these crux youth with double toughness are required. The main motto of the youth should be† to nip the evil in the bud†. Our political system is governed by desperados, hooligans and such miscreants of society who have attired themselves in the robes that present them as the saviors of the nation. Infact they are eating away the nation like worms slowly and gradually. Criminalization of the politics has infact obfuscated the image of fair play in government. So this is now a â€Å"Wake up Call†, for the youth of the Pakistan to wake, rise and move ahead and prove their hegemony over such corrupt leaders and take the command into their hands to run the government. Only few selected families are always elected in the government. Read more:  Pakistan Political System Pakistan has never seen any ‘common man’ to rule the country e.g. Prime Minister of President. It has always been the feudal lords or big industrialists running the show. According to me the blame goes on the public. In the previous elections, out of the population of 17 crores, less than 2 crore people voted. It’s unfortunate but the youth of Pakistan doesn’t take part in voting. This is one of the prime reasons that feudal lords are ruling our country, emptying the national treasure and increasing their bank balances. I am sure if we all go to vote in the elections then we would be able to elect the most deserving candidate. This could assure that are country is in the right hands. The most important problem of Pakistan is education. People are not aware what is good for them and what is not. There aren’t any schools in rural areas which are providing good quality education. Unfortunately in Pakistan, only those are getting education who can afford it. It’s the responsibility of the youth to create awareness about the importance of education. In rural areas people are not willing to send their sons/daughters to acquire knowledge. This is one of the prime reason that Pakistan is lagging behind other countries. We, the youth of Pakistan should take this responsibility in spreading the awareness. We could help directly by constructing schools providing free education or by teaching voluntarily. People are not willing to invest in our country. It is just because of the negative image created about our country. This is affecting our economy. Our exports have decreased, no new jobs are been created, no roads are being built. the tourism industry of Pakistan has just nearly finished. I think it’s the responsibility of the Pakistani youth to correct the image of Pakistan in the international arena and attract investment. We can do so by showing the positive side of the Pakistan and achievements of Pakistanis. I believe that if we could all be responsible enough and bring a change in ourselves then it could do wonders for our country. We always wait for the government to take some action. If we all fulfill our responsibilities and duties honestly than I believe no one could stop Pakistan from being a developed country. If all the people just clean the area outside their homes and plant trees than whole Pakistan could become clean and green. â€Å"Little drops make great oceans†. We should obey all the rules and laws of our country. Lets pledge that we won’t throw any rubbish on the streets, never break a traffic signal, never give bribe, achieve things on merit rather taking shortcuts. Above all we should realize that we all are Pakistanis. We should stop all the grouping and discrimination on basis of language, place, color, and culture. Events and activities should be organized to promote brotherhood. People should realize that in the eyes of Allah all people are same. The communities should help each other whenever required. We should send a message to the entire world how united we are. It’s time that we should stop fantasicing about other countries and cultures and instead be proud to be a Pakistani. Learn to respect Pakistani leaders, cultures, languages, talents etc. It’s the time that we should value our talents and resources. We, the youth of Pakistan are the future of tomorrow. It’s our responsibility to take Pakistan out of this crisis. It’s high time that we should stand up for our country before it’s too late. For us the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam said â€Å"Pakistan is proud of her youth who are the nation builders of tomorrow†. Pakistan is the best country in the world; we know it, now let the world also know it.

Business Studies Easter Project Essay Example for Free

Business Studies Easter Project Essay Introductinon As you probably already know Asda is one of the leading food superstores in Britain today. Asda is part of the Wal-Mart group however before this Asda was on its own. Asda has been part of the Wal-Mart retailers since 1999. Asda was formed in 1965 by a group of farmers from Yorkshire, today Asda has 245 stores, with 19 depots across the U.K. Asdas aim is to sell its products 10-15% cheaper than its main competitors. Asda sells a variety of products including fresh food, grocery, clothing, home, leisure and entertainment goods. In my report I have gained my information form the Asda website and I also interviewed the store manager of the Asda store in Longsight. In my report I will discuss the following performance indicators: Labour Turnover, Labour Productivity, Absenteeism and the Morale of workers. Performance of Company Asda has recently been valued at being worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.3 billion, which includes all its assets. Anyway I think that it will be too complicated to discuss the performance indicators on such a large scale. This is why I am going to just concentrate on the performance of the Asda store in Longsight. When I asked Sue (the manager) if labour turnover was high, she replied by saying that it is an average level. (i.e. not too high and not too low). I then said to her that this must mean that staff must feel demotivated and therefore leave. She replied by saying that it was because they employed a lot of young students and this was the reason for a lot of people leaving because they couldnt fit the shifts in with their work. I believe that this means that although labour turnover is high, it is not an extremely bad point. When we discussed the labour productivity of the workers, she said that the staff, work very hard in every department whether it is the deliveries, clothing, music or work on the checkout. Many products were sold in each department but obviously some were sold much more than others. The labour productivity really determines how many products are sold, as items are obviously not being produced at the store they are being sold there. She also mentioned that everyday there are at least 2 people who are around the store to just help customers or provide tasters of foods. I believe that this helps to increase productivity, because customers may feel more welcome and more sales may be made. I then asked what the turnover of the store was each day. Sue replied by saying that on the weekends they generally make more money and she said that last Saturday they had a turnover of approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500,000. I believe that this clearly shows that labour productivity is high at the Asda store in Longsight. I then went on to talk about absenteeism. Sue said that this was generally low without any notice, and that there were hardly any people who didnt give notice when they were going to have a day off. But she also said that absenteeism was a good point because it gives workers a change because they can swap shifts with one another. I agree and believe absenteeism with notice is not so bad. Sue said the the morale of workers was generally high. She said that staff were paid at a time rate starting from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.15 per hour. The following incentives could be motivating factors for the staff at Asda: Tell the team- putting your ideas across Stars- can be cashed in for gifts. ABCD- A certificate for dedicated workers. Bonus payments- for reaching certain targets Share plan Private Healthcare Discount on new cars Travel insurance Staff Discount Card I believe that the following incentives will make workers feel motivated. This is because it makes the workers feel that they are being recognised and that there work is appreciated. It is not only the financial incentives that are important for motivation. It is also for example the certificate for working hard which could motivate. And even the fact that workers can put their ideas across, which may make them feel a real part of the company. There are some improvements that could be made to the performance indicators. Firstly as we know labour turnover at the Longsight store is at an average level as many workers are students. We can solve this problem by allowing the shifts to fit in with the workers education, by offering them certain shifts. And then there is the labour productivity which is already very high, so I believe that this should just be kept at a constant level. And workers should just continue with the good work. Absenteeism is a problem when the workers dont come into work without any notice. To solve this problem I believe that managers should phone up absent workers to see where they are. And if they persist in not coming into work then this must mean that they feel demotivated, so managers should try to find out what the problem is. I know that the incentives that Asda offers are very good, but I generally believe that managers should talk to their staff a little more and just give them general assurance that they are doing the job in the right way and to show that their work is appreciated. Conclusion I believe that as Asda is worth over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.3 billion this must mean that they are not going too wrong. And another fact that shows that Asda is doing well is that it was voted the best company to work for in the year 2000 by the Times Newspaper. And in 2001 it was also voted supermarket of the year.

The Process Of Change Within Organizations Management Essay

The Process Of Change Within Organizations Management Essay This chapter will provide a detailed literature review. The literature review helped frame the initial focus of this study, as well as focus the data analysis (Swanson Holton1997). Literature reviews help researchers limit the scope of their inquiry as well as act as a benchmark for comparison purposes. According to Creswell (2003) literature reviews provide a framework for establishing the importance of the study. According to Swanson and Holton (1997) Research is a process of a specific type of outcome. Outcomes of research are new knowledge, obtained through an orderly, investigative process. Typically the research process begins with attempting to solve a problem, which is done by asking a question and identifying a solution or, in essence, drawing a conclusion. 2.1 An overview of change The focus of the research is to reveal the elements of resistance in the current change management system both in practice and theory. This chapter is organized according to the various components of resistance to change and reducing resistance with the help of human resource strategies of the organization. 2.2. Defining change Change is the metaphysics of our age. Organizational theorists like Drucker (1995) stated change is a constant in all contexts. Change can be defined from an organizational development perspective. Pendlebury, J. et al (1998) demonstrate change as troublesome to organizations, and it is quite disruptive to the individual. The effect of change on individuals is significant. In many respects, it is the emotional dimension of resistance that must be managed throughout the life of the change event. Vigorous emotions can be removed through the process of change within organizations. In fact, scholars argue that every act or event of change will draw some type of resistance resistance that will clear itself in emotions such as fear and anger, denial, avoidance, and resistance. Change can be so disturbing that even individuals directly unaffected by a change initiative can be affected through survivor guilt. According to Noer (1997) survivor guilt or sickness may be experienced by individuals indirectly affected by change and may serve as a significant source of resistance for individuals. 2.2.1. Forces of change Change depends on two forces, which could be external and internal forces. If managers, employees or we can say organisations think about these forces, than they can implement on change successfully. The forces for change are: External Forces Technological change (Manufacturing Automation, Office Automation). Demographic change (Immigration, Age, Education, Gender, Skills) Organisations need to manage the diversity effectively if they are to receive maximum contribution and commitment from employees. Social and political pressure (War, Values, Leadership). Internal Forces Human resource prospects (Unmet needs, Job dissatisfaction, Absenteeism and staff turnover Productivity Participation) Managerial decisions. Human resource prospects (Unmet needs, Job dissatisfaction, Absenteeism and staff turnover Productivity Participation Managerial decisions (Conflict, Leadership, Reward system, Structural reorganisation) the needs for the change. (Bullens, et al 2006). The Wider Environment Social Values Demographics Task Environment Customers and markets Economy Technology Suppliers of Inputs Competitors For markets For resources Regulatory groups The Firm Process Factor What is done (task) How things are done (technology) People factors Workforce diversity Workforce Behaviour Figure 2.1: Triggers to change Source: Corlett,Forster, (2004), Analysing Self and Organisation Part 2: Analysing Organisation, p-654, Pearson Education Limited. Technological Change Technological change in the organisation is critical, for three primary reasons. 1- Competitors use technology as part of major success strategies. 2- Technology driven is everywhere and always present. 3- Value capture from new technology is challenging and never guaranteed. Source: Ettlie,J (2000) Most of the time, we hold technology as a constant, because its convenient. The more change in technology of products, services, and operations, the more change in administrative procedures, new strategies, new organisational structures, and new operating procedures will be required to successfully capture the potential benefits of the venture. The failure of technological change typically occurs when either too much technology is adopted too quickly or not enough technology is adopted to stay ahead of competitors. Cultural Change Culture examines societys values, norms, believes, symbols. Organisational culture, is the concept to analyse that the organisation can be very useful for focusing on the more behavioural and attitudinal aspects of the organisational life. Organisational culture is the social aspects of our employing organisations. Scheins (1985) developed the following typology for cultural analysis The organisations relationship to its environment (belief that relate to the broader environment) The nature of the human activity (beliefs about what the core activity of the business should be) The nature of the reality and truth The nature of human nature (beliefs about what people are like) The nature of human relationships (beliefs are about how people should relate to one another both hierarchically and horizontally) Homogeneity versus diversity (beliefs about similar or diverse the workforce should be) (Ellis Dick 2003). 2.3. Theories of change management There are many change models that are used to aid experts in implementing change. These models can be broken down into two types of change theories that organizations can use: radical and incremental. Within each of these approaches there are various models and processes. Radical change approaches include, but are not limited to, six sigma, quality function deployment, and re-engineering. Radical change models are used to jump-start an organization and are also used when a culture change is required. In 1994, Dyer explain radical change , In a conventionally Midwestern family business atmosphere, change is likely to be more heavily resisted than in other organizations because the feelings adjacent to the change tend to be deeper and more intense, and previous research shows that family values, goals, and relations deeply influence strategic change in family-oriented firms . Incremental change approaches include, but are not limited to, Kurt Lewins model, Beckhards change model, Kotters transformation model, and the Bridges transition model. Incremental change models are related with improving the existing system and operate within the current business model. All these models have a stage of unfreezing of the current behavior, a change being introduced, and a stage of refreezing the new behavior, or else they begin with the identification of the current state, the desired state, and the blocks and barriers that exist between the two. According to Kotter (1996) certain conditions need to be met in order to bring about effective change. These conditions on what is known to contribute to the failure of change efforts. Kotter also states that producing change is about 80% leadership (establishing direction, aligning, and motivating and inspiring people) and about 20% management (planning, budgeting, organizing, and problem-solving). In most change efforts he has studied, the percentages have been reversed. While there are some examples of successful change efforts, so leadership or management works as a change agent within the organization. According to Vago (1999) in a planned change effort, change agents are professionals who influence and implement the change; they are critical to the success of a change effort. Recent studies indicate that static change models are being replaced with dynamic change models that reflect the discontinuous nature of organizational change. In other words, change does not occur at a steady rate even though in the past organizational theory has written about steady or static models. A review of the literature Senge (1990) reflects the need for organizations to be able to continuously adjust as well as to allow for learning to take place. According to Schein (2004) culture change certainly involves unlearning as well as relearning and is therefore, by definition, transformative thus: Schein (2004) also suggested learning leaders must be well connected to those parts of the organization that are themselves well connected to the environment-the sales organization, purchasing, marketing, public relations, legal, finance, and RD .must be able to listen to disconfirming information coming from these sources and to assess the implications for the future of the organization. Cummings and Worley, (2001) state that Kurt Lewins three-stage change model is the root of change management. Lewins change model consisting of the following steps: 1) unfreezing the old behaviour (or situation), 2) moving to a new level of behaviour, and 3) refreezing, the behaviour at the new level. Lewin viewed the change process as a fundamental alteration or change in the forces that kept a system in stasis .According to Lewin, an organization will go through the process of making preparations for change, developing the force for change, implementing change, and then will strive to re-establish stability or reach stasis. Recent theorists have considered change according to developmental change, transitional change, and transformational change (Anderson Ackerman-Anderson, 2001). Unfreeze Change Refreeze Figure 2.2 Kurt Lewins three-stage change model of change. According to Van de Ven and Poole (1995) Organizational change is an empirical observation in an organizational entity of variations in shape, quality or state over time. Kaestle (1990) states in A New Rationale for Organizational Structure, that there are fundamentally two drivers for organizational change: 1) a dynamic marketplace and, 2) information technology. Nadler (1997) argue strongly for the case of new technologies and new markets. Jick (1995) identifies competition and the aspirations to gain and maintain competitive advantage a key Impetus for change. Change is initiated via external sources such as cultural and political factors. In short, additional external factors like globalizing markets, technology, politics, and communications are all sources of change (Nadler, 1997). 2.3.1. Force Field Theory Force Field Theory is the pioneer theory of change management; the theory was developed by Kurt Lewin. Schein (2002) explain Kurt Lewin theory, how change is influenced by two opposing factors driving and restraining forces that work against each other to sustain a state of stability .At the same time as driving forces uphold change, restraining forces resist the driving forces and thus hold back change. When these forces are balanced, a state of quasi-stationary equilibrium is achieved (Figure 2.3). Equilibrium Driving forces ( Restraining forces Figure2.3: Lewins Force Field Theory The term quasi-stationary equilibrium was used to describe the stable routine of day-to-day activity, rather than just equilibrium which implies a state of rest . According to Schein (2002) Any living system is always in a state of some change (growth, metamorphosis, or decline), but all systems are homeostatic in that they always tend toward some kind of equilibrium (p. 35). To explain the quasi-stationary state, Lewin used the analogy of a river flowing at the same velocity and direction over time. Although the river is not at rest, it flows consistently at the same rate and thus is stable. A shift in velocity or direction, however, would constitute a change. To bring about change, either driving forces need to be added or restraining forces must be diminished. Adding more driving forces is likely to be paralleled by higher aggressiveness, higher emotionality, and lower constructiveness than if restraining forces were reduced; therefore, the latter is a more desirable course of action. In addition, adding driving forces is likely to result in new restraining forces as people try to maintain a state of quasi-stationary equilibrium. In this study, force field theory provided the theoretical framework for the variable of resistance to change in that it posited the tendency for groups to maintain a state of stability with restraining forces (i.e. resistance) resulting when driving forces that promote change are introduced. 2.3.2. The modern version of Lewins theory Neito (2006) described the graceful of Lewins theory is the critical analysis if it is to be helpful to HR professionals. To start by means of, it is affective and how easy to get the agreement of employees regarding a change process. Even though if the change is important, but people will not accept the change easily, thats way the first stage Unfreezing takes more time rather than other stages. Next process is Change, this process will be by itself, but this process should be managed properly. If this process is managed properly there are incentives and benefits (easy wins) during the change process, end of the day this process will give the positive support. Finally, the last stage is Refreezing which should be critically evaluated in 21st century. Mid of the twentieth century WeberIan bureaucracies may have been refreeze after change, the modern similarity force be more likely slush. Changes in employees, task, technology and structure the sociotechnical theory are more common, the concept of refreezing may not be a suitable image for recent change succession. Human resource strategies are influenced by external and internal factors. Change successful depends on the concern and growth on the employee relations and interpersonal relationships. Human resource professionals should consider the change processes are likely to meet resistance and that is more efficient to consult with staff and expand teamwork than to oblige changes. Present workers should therefore invest in special development to enhance their long term employability.(Neito,M 2006) To understand the process and the nature of change in the organization, it is important to understand how organization works in the complex environment of external and internal forces. According to Hayes. J (2007) Open structure theory predicts that changes to any one of the internal and external elements of an organisations will source changes to other fundamentals. Hayes. J (2007) adopts from Kotter (1980) the integrative model of organisational dynamics. 2.3.3 Kotters integrative model of organisational dynamics The six main elements in Kotters model are: External environment, based on the direct task related environment and the wider environment (which includes the political system, economical system etc). Employees and other tangible assets, as well as building cash and all other stuff and inventories. Formal organisational arrangements which system is operating and job design Social system, which is based on organisations culture and social structure. Technology is the main product of the organisation. Dominant coalition Goals, strategies of those who control to make the plane. According to Hayes.J (2007) adaptability is very important because it determines whether the organisation will be able or not to maintain the require degree of alignment over the long period. For the long period, the main purpose of change management needs to be ensuring, that the structural basics of the organisation are as adaptable. Key organisational processes Information gathering Communication Decision making Matter energy transportation Matter energy conversion Formal organisational Dominant coalition External environment, Technology, methods Social system culture Employees and tangibleaaaa assets Source of potential behaviour and constraint Impact on Figure: 2.4 Source: Hayes,J.(2007) The theory and Practice of Change Management ,2nd ed, p-47, palgrave Macmillan. 2.3.4. A congruence model of organisations A substitute open system model, planned by Nadler and Tushman (1982) point out the effect of the congruency of the elements of the organisation, and shows the effectiveness on the organisation. Additionally, it puts more pressure, on the role of strategy, because any organisation based on the strategy as well. Congruence model depends on the four classes of input: Environment: Environment as well as based on wider culture, within which the organisation operates, thats the backbone of the organisation. Environment is a part of financial institutions, supplies, markets. Its overall the system of the organisation, which is based on the external and internal environment of the organisation. Environment provides the strength and opportunities that the organisation has to compete with. Resources: Resources like as raw material, liquid capital, labour, technologies. History: History is very important for the organisation, because past strategic decisions and development of central part values and patterns of leadership can affect the present model of organisation. Strategy: This input gives the direction how the organisations resources can be used to be the advantage in relation to the opportunities, and demands of the environment. Successful organisations are those that are able to support themselves with the help of external environment and move themselves to take advantage of any environmental changes. Nadler and Tushman (1982) argue that strategy defines the task of the organisation. Strategy is effective to the organisations behavioural system. They recommend that the goals of strategy measure the organisations performance. Nadler and Tushman(1982) define the major components of the transformation process as: a- Task, can be viewed in terms of obstacle, predictability, interdependence a skill demands. b- Individuals, those are the members of the organisation and their reaction capabilities, intelligence, experience, training, skills, attitudes, expectations etc. c- Formal organisational performance that include all the mechanisms used by the organisation to direct, control behaviour or formation. d- Informal organisation, as well as informal group structures, the quality of inter-group relations, political processes, etc. Transformation process x Informal organisation Individual Task Formal organisation Organisation Group, Individual Environment Resources, History Inputs Outputs Strategy Feedback Figure: 2.5 Source: Hayes,J.(2007) The theory and Practice of Change Management 2nd ed, p-52,palgrave Macmillan. Like Kotter, Nadler and Tushman argue that any useful model of organisations must go beyond only providing a simple sketch of the tools of the organisation and consider the dynamic relationships that exist between the various tools. They define congruence as the degree to those the needs, goals, objectives and structures of any one tool of the organisation are reliable with the needs. Their general theory is that, other things equal, the greater the total degree of congruence between the different tools the more efficient will be the organisations behaviour. Figure summarises the congruence model and the bold double headed arrows specify the six fits between the components of the transformation process (the internal organisation) These are: (a) Individual Formal organisations for example to what extents are individual needs met by the formal organisational arrangements? (b) Individual Task for example, to what extent do individuals have the skills required to meet task demands and to what extent do the tasks satisfy individual needs? (c) Individual informal organisation for example, to what extent does the informal organisation satisfy the needs of individuals or make best use of their talents? (d) Task formal organisation for example, to what level are the formal organisational arrangements enough to meet the demands of the task? (e) Task informal organisation for example, to what point does the informal organisation make sure to task performance? (f) Formal informal organisation for example, to what level are the goals, rewards and structures of the informal organisation reliable with those of the formal organisation? Mostly tools that Nadler and Tushman desire to focus on are different to those that figure in kotters model. All models are overview of the real world, and the usefulness of the particular model, in the context of the change management. Schneider state in the book of john hayes, Internal and external alignment promotes organisational effectiveness because the various elements of the system strengthen rather than upset each other, thereby minimising the loss of system energy and resources. 2.4. Defining resistance Resistance to change is not rigorously related to organizations management and leadership. It is a problem embedded in the very nature of its organizational members. In any case, resistance to change is a significant factor that must be understood in the organizational context. Individuals can arrive at a psychological state where major change can no longer be absorbed. According to psychologists, change can trigger emotional experiences such as depression, mania, irritability, anger, disturbing or obsessive thoughts. According to Conner (1998) the main sources of individual resistance to change are: lack of trust, commitment to the status quo, belief that the change is not feasible, economic threats, relative high costs, loss of status and power, and threats to values and ideals. Tushman and OReilly (1997) state that despite the inevitability of change and its necessity for survival, it presents serious dilemmas to anyone serious about the notion of change. Change is disruptive to organizations .That is undeniable. Change is not helpful to an environment of stability; it precipitates more and more disruption wooing business leaders to a critical deadlock. One cannot have both stability and change; they are conflicting forces. Pascal,R et el (1997), state, findings from surveys confirm that executives have begun to give renewal a high priorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.however, most of their efforts to achieve it have met with frustration partly because large organizations have such a remarkable capacity to resist change of all kinds. 2.4.1. Sources of resistance in the implementation stage According to Klein and Sorra (1996) implementation of any change in the organization is the significant step between the decision to change and the regular use of it at the organization. In implementation stage more resistance groups can be found. The main resistance is with political and cultural locks to change. It consists of: Implementation climate and relation between change values and organizational values, considering that a strong implementation climate when the values relation is negative will result in resistance and opposition to change and forgetfulness of the social dimension of changes ( Schalk et al., 1998). Last but not least, a set of five sources of resistance with different characteristics are According to Rumelt (1995) leadership inaction, sometimes because leaders are afraid of uncertainty, sometimes for fear of changing the status quo ;embedded routines ;collective action problems, specially dealing with the difficulty to decide who is going to move first or how to deal with free-extruders ,ask of the necessary capabilities to implement change capabilities gap and ,cynicism. 2.4.2. Sources of resistance in the formulation stage of change To understand resistance in the process of change in any organization, we need to focuses on the very fast formulation stage of change. It includes: inability of the company to look into the future with clarity. According to Morrison and Milliken (2000) organizational silence, which limits the information flow with individuals who do not express their thoughts, meaning that decisions are made without all the necessary information. Denial or refusal to accept any information that is not expected or desired ( Rumelt, 1995). Low motivation for change, sources are: Direct costs of change, is the cost of change that brings success to a product but at the same time brings losses to others, so it requires some sort of sacrifice. According to Rumelt (1995) the need for a change is compensated through the high rents obtained without change with another different factor, so that there is no real motivation for change. According to Lorenzo (2000) past failures, leave a pessimistic image for future changes. Waddell and Sohal (1998) identified different interests among employees and management, or lack of motivation of employees who value change results less than managers value them). 2.5. Kotter and Schlesingers Choosing Strategies Choosing Strategies for Change an article of Kotter and Schlesingers (1979) explain causes for resistance to change. Organizations frequently experience employees resistance when change is introduced. A lot of time fear and an unwillingness to take risks delay potential development, progress and success. Kotter and Schlesinger suggested four reasons employees resist change: parochial self-interest, misunderstanding and lack of trust, differing assessment and low tolerance for change. According to Bolognese (2002). close-minded self-interest describes employees that recognize personally loosing something of value .Lack of trust and misunderstanding are also causes of resistance to change (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979). Most of time employees are unable to understand the plan and believe they are giving more and receiving less. Another cause of resistance to change differing assessment is. This happens when members evaluate the circumstances differently from leaders and then determine costs exceed the potential positive outcomes from the change. Kotter and Schlesings last suggestion for member resistance is low tolerance for change. Members are afraid of their inability to acquire different skills and behaviors needed in the new setting, and this creates resistance in performing. 2.5.1. Kotter and Schlesingers Overcoming Resistance Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) branded the following six approaches which address how to handle resistant members: (a) Education and communication (b) Participation and involvement (c) Facilitation and support (d) negotiation and agreement (e) Manipulation and co-optation and (f) explicit and implicit. The first approach, education and communication, involves teaching members in advance of a potential change. It is the simplest way to overcoming resistance to change. Communicating a different perspective allows members to understand the need and reason for change (Bolognese, 2002). Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) suggested when educating members use face-to-face discussions, group presentations and reports. Participation and involvement includes placing potential resistors in the implementation process. About the leader in the organization Thalheimer (2005) suggested when resistance members become participants in the change, the leader should listen to the individuals involved in the change and apply their recommendations. When managers realize that they lack knowledge in specific areas to plan and implement a change or committed members are needed, involving others is good judgment. However, involving members in every change effort or never allowing participant involvement is unrealistic. However, often, this procedure prevents any resistance. Kotter Schlesinger (1979) suggested another approach to overcoming resistance is facilitation and support. Leaders should provide support for members when needed. Supportive procedures include offering new skills training, providing time off following stressful periods, listening and offering emotional support. Bolognese (2002) explain that when fear and anxiety is the root cause of resistance facilitation and support is very helpful. However, hard leaders often disregard this type of resistance. The facilitation and support approach is time consuming and requires to fiance training programs. This approach does not always prevent resistance. Next, the process of negotiation and agreement involves providing incentives to current and perceived resistance members (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979). Negotiation is suitable when, with certainty, an individual will suffer loss due to the change (Bolognese, 2002). Manipulation and co-optation are also strategies for overcoming resistance to change (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1979). This procedure involves leaders privately attempting to influence members. Manipulation, in this sense usually suggests choosing selective information for a specific use, and intentionally planning events (Robbins, 2003). Co-optation is a form of strategy. Co-optation is not participation because the leaders do not want suggestions from members. Instead leaders seek endorsement from members. It normally involves appointing an individual to an important position in the planning or execution of the change. Finally, explicit and implicit coercion deals with leaders intimidating resistant members. Often leaders must manage resistance coercion. Members are forced to comply with the change by direct and implied force, such as, losing a position, forfeiting a promotion or termination (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979). Similar to the manipulation approach, putting demands on members can become a dangerous process due to members developing resentment. However, when change is crucial and unpopular, coercion may be the only option available to leaders. 2.6. HR action to reduce resistance Human resource management strategies can play an important part to reduce resistance among the management and employees. According to Schein (1999) the organizations who will be successful in the future will be the ones that continuously adapt to change. And human resource is the department that deal with it. Schein (1999) added that forces for change in the competitive environment are diverse and increasing. Managing change should be viewed as a continuous activity and not a series of events. Organizations should assume organizational change will and should be continuous within its environment. According to the Harvard Business Review on Change (1998), despite the very best effort of senior executives, major change initiatives often fail. Those failures have common root: Executives and empl