Duchenne Cerebral Essay

Duchenne Cerebral Essay Duchenne Cerebral Essay What Is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? What Is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? DMD is brought about by an adjustment in a quality liable for making the protein dystrophin, which keeps muscles solid and sound. This change is alluded to as a transformation. When there is a change in this quality, the protein dystrophin doesn't work. The muscle cells become powerless and they progressively separate. DMD ordinarily influences young men; it is amazingly uncommon in young ladies. DMD is a dynamic illness. From the outset, the shortcoming is generally in the legs and hips. Those influenced fall every now and again, experience difficulty running and climbing steps, battle to get up from a sitting position and frequently stroll on their toes. They likewise create bigger than ordinary calves. In the long run, the muscle shortcoming makes strolling progressively troublesome and a wheelchair is required. Continuously, all the muscles become extremely powerless - including the heart muscle and the muscles utilized for relaxing. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an acquired issue brought about by a change in the quality that produces dystrophin. This change is passed down from mother to child on the grounds that the dystrophin quality is situated on the X chromosome. On the off chance that the mother passes on a X chromosome with a changed dystrophin quality to her child, he will create DMD since he has just one duplicate of the X chromosome. Young ladies have two X chromosomes. At the point when they acquire the DMD transformation from their mom, they likewise acquire a typical duplicate of the DMD quality from their dad. That is the reason they don't build up the infection. Be that as it may, they might be transporters and give DMD to their children. Day by day Life with DMD There is no fix yet for DMD. A solid way of life, exercise and medicine can add to a superior personal satisfaction for those with the infection. Jonathan takes a steroid-based prescription called Deflazacort to help keep up his muscle quality. One of the reactions of steroidal prescription and an absence of physical movement (because of wheelchair use) is lost calcium during the bones. This may expand the danger of cracks. Jonathan takes day by day dosages of calcium, related to nutrient D, to keep his bones solid. Other potential medicines that may help with certain parts of DMD incorporate physiotherapy to help keep up right foot position, chiropractic medicines, healthful enhancements and naturopathic arrangements. One of the difficulties that Jonathan's family needed to confront was adjusting Jonathan's condition to his needs. The neighborhood network administration focus

Amazons Distribution Strategy

Amazons Distribution Strategy Presentation While taking a choice on the structure of gracefully chain, organizations should concentrate on its methodology, choice on tasks and above all, appropriate arranging. In an organization, in view of the requirements of the client and structure of the frameworks, stream of flexibly chain the board differs. While structuring, surveying continually at various stages additionally assists organizations with separating different procedures in their flexibly chain. Amazon.com is a web based business organization with its essence worldwide and headquartered in Seattle, United States. Amazon.com, in its initial days managed Books however later on it broadened into a great deal of other product offerings like Video Games, Electronics, Toys, Jewelry, Furniture, MP#s, DVDs among different items. Today they are a gigantic $75 billion association with an extremely differing item portfolio and effective tasks round the globe. The new Kindle Fire Tablet PC is one of their most recent prominent item and their Cloud Computing business is one of the business chiefs. Passing by the income, development and market capitalization, Amazon is the fourth best beginning up all things considered. Jeff Bezos began this astonishing organization in 1994 with the expectation of â€Å"Get Big Fast†. This procedure was a splendid one for the organization in US as they had the option to work with a serious lead time for conveyance after the requests were set. Presently this methodology was likewise set up for the development in Europe. Not exclusively were the European markets socially not quite the same as US yet in addition the economic situations and the purchaser conduct desires unique in relation to a buyer in US. The difficulties here were not at all like the operational difficulties in US regarding transportation, loading and appropriation. The report will investigate the difficulties that Amazon looked in Europe and the operational/flexibly chain choices they had make to conquer those difficulties, additionally, â€Å"How has globalization made key fit considerably progressively critical to company’s success†. The suggestions/examination depend on the idea of centralization of the dispersion over a full mainland and the ideas educated in the class. AMAZON US â€Å"Earth’s Biggest Bookstore† Amazon utilized the Internet to change the matter of purchasing books into an exceptionally quick, simple and agreeable shopping experience. Amazon has more than 2.5 million distinctive book titles in its kitty and is properly called the â€Å"Earth’s Biggest Bookstore†. From the earliest starting point, Amazon consistently kept the wholesalers and the distributers on their side which along these lines permitted them to keep a shortened stock and low stock holding costs. These tie-ups with wholesalers and distributing houses not just permitted Amazon to decrease costs on warehousing yet additionally get gigantic mass limits, for instance From a distributing house Amazon used to get a markdown of roughly 48% and around 41% from the wholesalers) Amazon possessed a general lead energy for conveyance of 4 to 7 business days over the entire nation of United States. Amazon built up its framework enormously in the late 90’s and inevitably propelled their Music and Video organizations too. The thought was to â€Å"Get Big Fast† through enhancement and geographic extension by having more dispersion habitats in their business topography. Some would state that the development of Amazon was the quickest extension experienced by any organization for its circulation limit. Growing and making circulation was the initial step, following stage was to make sense of which conveyance focus will convey which all items, given the way that Amazon extended in appropriation limit across topographies as well as regarding the product offerings in its item portfolio. The 3 parts of choosing the items to be conveyed by an appropriation place are: Amazon utilized a great deal of frameworks to upgrade their activity proficiency. The ones which were the most noteworthy and effective are: Pick-To-Light System Radio Frequency Technology Voice Technology Pick Profiles Amazon Standard Identifying Number (ASIN) Execution estimating key measurements As Jeff Wilke, the Vice President of Operations at Amazon said about what Amazon had, Amazon immediately adjusted to the Six Sigma DMAIC surveys as a device to lessen varieties and deformities in its conveyance communities. Jeff Wilke’s group followed 5 systems to improve stock administration Better determining of client request by improving the capacity of the product by refining it to the tune of better expectation of the requests, both regular and territorial. This ensured danger of purchasing either excessively or too less was decreased. Better relations with the wholesalers and direct sellers to take into account any unexpected flood sought after for a specific top of the line book title. This was likewise used to get some required energy for the moderate speed titles. Accessible to-Promise Functionality: Amazon incorporated the flexibly chain the executives frameworks of its providers with its own subsequently getting a collaboration all the while. Presently amazon had the option to tell its clients the specific time allotment wherein it could convey the items to them. For instance, in the event that an item is accessible with the Amazon circulation focus themselves, at that point the lead time for the conveyance of the item was inside 24 hours. In any case, on the off chance that the item was not accessible with the Amazon DC, at that point the lead time for conveyance expanded to 2 †3 business days. This permitted Amazon to have the data about the stock of the providers consistently at the extremely thing level. Falling Buying Rules: These principles by Amazon figured out which provider was the best fit for which item as far as the cost and the choices for conveyance to such an extent that if the thing isn't accessible with the provider giving the best value then the following provider in course will be chosen for the conveyance. Outsource Orders: Amazon set aside some effort to receive this system which they ought to have embraced in the earliest reference point. As indicated by Drop Ship procedure, at whatever point the client arranges a thing and the appropriation focus of Amazon doesn't have the item then Amazon submits the request on its provider. At that point rather than the provider transporting the thing to Amazon DC and afterward the Amazon DC dispatching the thing to the client, the provider straightforwardly sends the thing to the client, in this way definitely diminishing the lead time for conveyance by evacuating the superfluous strides of the flexibly chain items. Notwithstanding the previously mentioned procedures and systems, Amazon likewise utilized technique called â€Å"Postal Injection† or â€Å"Zone Skipping†. In this technique, the completely stacked truck from the conveyance community straightforwardly goes to the significant urban areas, effectively bypassing the postal service’s arranging center points where the conveyance bundles are arranged by the separate urban areas and states. AMAZON EUROPE The underlying focuses for Amazon were UK and Germany, basically in light of the fact that both these nations were the prime markets for book selling and internet buying in the landmass of Europe. Germany had an abundance of 2000 distributing houses and UK had an overabundance of 3000 distributing houses. Amazon made an obtaining in Europe by gaining Bookpages and TeleBuch in UK and Germany individually. Once more, in accordance with the thought followed in US, Amazon Europe needed to â€Å"Get Big Fast†. Both the UK Amazon.co.uk and German Amazon.de expanded their item portfolios by incorporating the music and video organizations alongside the books business at the very balance of the finish of the particular developments in the two nations. Despite the fact that the opposition from the online book shops of the particular nations was savage, Amazon was fruitful in turning into the market head in both the nations. The consolidated deals of the 2 nations crossed the 10% of the all out Amazon income mark, connoting the epic accomplishment of the geographic extension. The following endeavor was in France. At the point when Amazon entered UK and Germany they did it through acquisitions, anyway when they entered France they didn't get any settled organization, rather they got the business ready for action from the scratch. The recipe was straightforward here as well, â€Å"Get Big Fast†, which is the reason the business began with the total arrangement of books, music, video, toys, et al. Development in International deals for Amazon developed by 74%, which thusly helped the European business to cross the 13.4% of the absolute Amazon income mark. Difficulties in duplicating amazon’s US model in EUROPE Despite the fact that Amazon was doing great in Europe yet the aspiration was high as they had the aim to rehash the achievement of Amazon US in Europe as well. Anyway they were stood up to with some substantial difficulties from the European markets. These difficulties could be handled yet to do that they required some extreme change in the methodologies that Amazon applied and embraced in US. The 4 principle challenges were: Selling guidelines in Germany France The costs of the books being sold in Germany France were fixed. No limits could be offered on those costs. The selling model for Amazon in US was to offer limits on the costs of the books, which they got from the wholesalers and distributing houses. Here they couldn't give those limits that they jumped on the mass buys from the wholesalers and distributing houses. Installment alternatives In Europe, over 62% of the clients utilized checks to make the buys. The center competency of Amazon was online retail which implied web based buying by means of Visas. This came as a significant test to Amazon as they didn't have any block or mortar store where the idea of installment through checks can occur. Diverse flexibly advertise factors In US, Amazon depended vigorously on the providers for the books. Anyway in Europe they endured a mishap in view of the deficiency of wholesalers and large providers. In UK althoug

Evaluation Essay - Over Track Or Non-Over Track?

Evaluation Essay - Over Track Or Non-Over Track?If you are an English student interested in writing a better evaluation essay for a science or math test, you may have heard that an over track test is better than a non-over track exam. By this, I mean that an over track exam will have more questions for your test preparation because the instructor has less margin for error.You would be right in thinking that an over track exam is easier to take than a non-over track exam. The reason for this is that the topics in an over track exam are much more comprehensive and the explanations are clear. With an over track exam you will also be tested on the same subject at different times so you will need to be prepared to answer multiple choice questions while working on the problem.There are many students who would prefer a non-over track exam as they feel that a non-over track exam doesn't give them enough time to prepare but if you are not good at doing detailed examinations, a non-over track exam may actually hurt your grade point average. This is because your grade point average will decrease. It's very important to be prepared for an over track exam.Students tend to forget that an over track test is basically a long test, which means that you won't have as much time to work on your question before starting. If you make mistakes during an over track exam, it will only get worse because you will have fewer chances to correct your mistake. You will also be required to study for the exam before the actual exam starts. Remember that getting an over track exam doesn't mean that you are passing the exam.Remember that over track exams are not like an exam that you can study for during your free time. This type of exam requires a lot of preparation time to answer all the questions that the instructor will throw at you. The reason why most students don't like to do homework isbecause they do not know how to do homework.Over track exams are only beneficial to students that are w ell prepared. A good example of such students is those who come from an inner city neighborhood where students are often forced to go to school late because they are not able to afford transportation. These students know the importance of studying and understand that without hard work, the ability to study well is useless.Over track exams will also help students improve their skills on certain subjects. If you have already studied an over track exam, you will be able to immediately see what's wrong with the subject. So in order to be able to get a better grade, you must master the subject and master it well.Over track exams are really helpful to students that are preparing for exams. They will find out whether their knowledge level is up to par with the subject or not.

Week 3 Team Assignment Essay - 1483 Words

Compensation and Benefits Strategies Recommendations Team A MGT/521 Human Capital Management February 5th, 2015 Dr. Andrea Diese Landslide Limousines Compensation and Benefits Strategy Recommendation This paper provides an analysis of a proposed benefits and compensation package for Landslide Limousines that is comparable to companies that are similar in size and scope in Austin, Texas. Team A proposes a compensation structure and position in the market, as well as a total compensation and benefits strategy for the company. Performance incentives and merit pay to recognize and engage employees is also discussed in this paper. Laws related to the benefits and pay program are outlined and examined in detail. Market Evaluation.†¦show more content†¦Total Compensation and Benefits Strategy. Landslide Limousine will engage in a comprehensive compensation strategy that should include three core facets to be successful. These three facets or portions will be based on experience level, position in the company, and overall customer satisfaction. The first facet that Landslide will utilize is a traditional position-based compensation model, this allows the compensation strategy to be divided into the jobs of the organization, competition will make more sense and be more transparent to the employees. This will also allow for a positive motivator and friendly competition among peers. Each separation position within the company will be entitled to compensation levels that are understood within the industry to be recognized as a standard based on the employees position and responsibilities in the company. The second facet of the strategy will be determined by the experience of each driver and or employee. Incremental pay raises will be determined by the experience gained and performance level of the employee. These raises will have a set ceiling of an additional $5,000 per year, with a ceiling of $65,000 total annual salary. Minimum pay increases will be tracked based on company success and profits. The third facet of our compensation and benefits strategy will be based solely on customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction compensation will be given primarily through scheduling benefits (time off awards andShow MoreRelatedQnt351 Week 3 Team Assignment Essay1791 Words   |  8 Pagesat the top of the sheet and then following the lines of the data set the number responses file down the sheet. Here is an example: No. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 A B C D 1 3 4 0 1 5 1 3 0 3 2 3 37 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 2 5 1 12 1 2 3 1 2 1 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 76 1 2 4 2 5 3 3 2 4 5 1 3 4 2 3 2 1 5 4 4 5 1 4 1 3 3 2 4 2 16 1 2 If there was any data missing when the information was entered, the decision was made to just enter a zero. After entering the data, it must be reviewed to catchRead MoreFIN 370 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment1676 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Learning Team: Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Tina Beauro, Nerkeda Butler and Laninga Spencer ECO/365 December 4, 2013 H. Todd Young Learning Team: Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis This paper will give a short history and descriptions of Apple’s I Pad minicomputer. It will also give factors that affect demand, supply, and equilibrium prices in the market. Issues that Apple faces that affect its competitiveness will also be addressed. Lastly, this paperRead MoreEssay on ECO/372 Week 3 Learning Team Assignment1255 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Team C Week 3 Learning Team Assignment ECO/372 Team C Week 3 Learning Team Assignment In our team paper, we are going to evaluate, assess, and apply various economic situations from a Keynesian and Classical perspective. As the global markets increase and decrease over time careful modifications of the economy of the United States need to be made. After a comprehensive assessment of the current economic situation team C has agreed,  that the Current State of Interest Rates, unemploymentRead MoreFin 370 Week 3 Team Assignment Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesflows over the projects life because of its effect on taxes. Depreciation is an expense item and, the more depreciation incurred, the larger are expenses. Thus, accounting profits become lower and in turn, so do taxes which are a cash flow item. 3. When evaluating a capital budgeting proposal, sunk costs are ignored. We are interested in only the incremental after-tax cash flows, or free cash flows, to the company as a whole. Regardless of the decision made on the investment at hand, the sunkRead MoreHrm 326 Employee Development Complete from Week 1 to 5728 Words   |  3 PagesComplete from Week 1 to 5 Purchase here http://homeworkonestop.com/HRM%20326/hrm-326-employee-development-complete-from-week-1-to-5 Product Description HRM 326 Employee Development WEEK 1 Individual Assignment, Organizational Focus and Goals Discussion Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 WEEK 2 Individual Assignment, Training Key Areas Learning Team Charter Discussion Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Weekly Quiz WEEK 3 Learning Team Assignment, Needs Analysis Discussion Questions 1, 2, 3, 4 WeeklyRead MoreQnt 275 Week 3 Business Decision Making Project Part 2884 Words   |  4 PagesQNT 275 WEEK 3 BUSINESS DECISION MAKING PROJECT PART 2 To purchase this visit following link: http://www.activitymode.com/product/qnt-275-week-3-business-decision-making-project-part-2/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM QNT 275 WEEK 3 BUSINESS DECISION MAKING PROJECT PART 2 QNT 275 Week 3 Business Decision Making Project, Part 2 Based on your Week 3 collaborative learning team discussion, submit, individually, a 350- to 700-word summary of the work completed by your team. FormatRead MoreMgt 300 Module 3 Leadership and Teams891 Words   |  4 PagesMGT 300 MODULE 3 LEADERSHIP AND TEAMS To purchase this visit following link: http://www.activitymode.com/product/mgt-300-module-3-leadership-and-teams/ Contact us at: SUPPORT@ACTIVITYMODE.COM MGT 300 MODULE 3 LEADERSHIP AND TEAMS MGT 300 Module 3 CRITICAL THINKING ASSIGNMENT /CSU Choose one of the following two assignments to complete this week. Do not do both assignments. Identify your assignment choice in the title of your submission. Leadership and Teams – Theoretical LeadershipRead MoreBusn 460 Entire Course Guide Week 1 – 81110 Words   |  5 PagesCourse Guide Week 1 – 8 Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/BUSN%20460/busn-460-entire-course-guide-week-1-8 Product Description (BUSN 460 Senior Project - DeVry) BUSN 460 Week 1 Team Contract BUSN 460 Week 1 DQ 1 Selling your teams services to CanGo BUSN 460 Week 1 DQ 2 Mission, Vision Values BUSN 460 Week 2 Team Video Analysis Report Week 1-2 BUSN 460 Week 2 DQ 1 Planning a Technological Solution BUSN 460 Week 2 DQ 2 CostBenefit Analysis BUSN 460 Week 3 IndividualRead MoreInstructor Policies722 Words   |  3 Pagescredentials to gain access to the classroom. | Late Assignments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Late assignments receive a 10% deduction for each day they are late if assignments are not posted by 11:59 p.m. M.S.T. on the day they are due. Assignments more than 4 days late will not be accepted. Technological issues are not considered valid grounds for late assignment submission. In the event of a University of Phoenix serverRead MoreCmgt 442 Week 2 Individual Assignment Risk Information Sheet Cmgt442 Week 2 Individual Assignment Risk Information Sheet957 Words   |  4 PagesCMGT 442 CMGT Complete Course Click below link for Answer visit www.workbank247.com http://workbank247.com/q/cmgt-442-cmgt-complete-course/11526 http://workbank247.com/q/cmgt-442-cmgt-complete-course/11526      CMGT 442 Week 1 Individual Assignment   Outsourcing risks      Prepare a 6-10 slide narrated PowerPoint presentation that identifies the possible risks to an organization in each of the following outsourcing situations: The use of an external service provider for your data storage. The use

Controversial and Banned Books †Why They Were Banned

Underage Drinking And The Long Term Effect - 1557 Words

There has been a large amount of research regarding underage drinking and the long-term effect that it can have on a person’s body and their mental state. The public is often informed of phases and activities that underage students are partaking in that can be extremely harmful to themselves that they are not aware of. In the journal article â€Å"The Use of Caffeinated Alcoholic Beverages Among Underage Drinkers: Results of a National Survey† they examine the relationship between the tendencies underage drinkers who drink non-traditional caffeinated alcoholic beverages and traditionally caffeinated alcoholic beverages. The study defines non-traditional CABs as Pre-Mixed Sodas or Energy Drinks with Liquor added and defined traditional CABs as Liquor with soda, coffee, or tea added by the beverage consumer. Previous research in this field has led to the determination that the consumption of caffeinated alcoholic beverages leads to an increased level of high-risk behavior among adolescents and young adults. Some of these high-risk behaviors include driving while intoxicated, unprotected sexual activity, and illegal substance abuse. In addition, heavy binge drinking is widely accepted as contributing to â€Å"neurocognitive deficits† and increased â€Å"morbidity and mortality.† Much of the previous research has focused on college-aged young adults. This study hopes to greatly shed light on the age group from 13 to 17 years old (pre-collegiate adolescents). In addition, the study hopes toShow MoreRelatedThe Plague Of Underage Drinking1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Plague of Underage Drinking â€Å"Every year in the U.S., roughly 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from an alcohol-related incident including car crashes, homicides, suicides, alcohol poisoning and other related injuries† ( â€Å"11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse†). That is 5,000 more teens or young adults that could be saved from this plague in this society (11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse). Underage drinking and alcoholism is a huge problem in the United States, and as a society need to make a change withRead MoreUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking It is five o clock on a Friday night and classes are over for the weekend. The options for this evening are the kegger down the street, drinking at the bonfire, or sneaking into a bar with a fake ID. This can be a normal weekend for an underage drinker. Underage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and othersRead MoreUnderage Drinking And The Central Nervous System1446 Words   |  6 PagesThere are so many people who have drank underage. Norah Piehl quotes, â€Å"According to a 1991 University of Michigan study 81% of students had had at least one alcoholic drink in their lives (13 Piehl).† Wow, that is scary. Imagine, 81 percent of students; that is to many people. What is alcohol anyway? Rob Nagel states, â€Å"Alcohol is a depressant that acts as a numbing agent on the central nervous system.† So d rinking alcohol can slow down the central nervous system and can impair a person’s judgementRead MoreUnderage Drinking1369 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage Drinking Introduction Underage drinking has long been, and continues to be, a serious public health concern. â€Å"Teen alcohol use kills more than 4700 people each year and high school students who use alcohol or other drugs are five times more likely to drop out of school† (MADD, 2014) than kids who do not. There have been years of underage drinking prevention programs to curtail the use of alcohol by those under 21 years of age and yet alcohol is the most widely used drug by adolescentsRead MoreThe Underage Drinking Crisis in America Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal law, underage drinking is any person under 21 who are consuming alcohol. In 2011, Missouri had 258 total alcohol impaired fatalities. Forty-six, or thirty percent, of these fatalities were under the age of twenty-one (Century Council). Surely, it does not happen in small towns like Warrensburg. Yes, in fact, it does happen in Warrensburg, the reason being it is a college town, and Whiteman Air Force Base is just twenty mi nutes outside the town. Here are stories of underage drinking incidencesRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 PagesSadly, in today’s society, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, from high schoolRead MoreShould People Underage The 21 Drink? No942 Words   |  4 PagesShould people underage the 21 drink ? No,the effects on the body are horrible . www.Teenalcoholabuse.us/content/underage-drinking-consequernces.html, say that some long terms effects of underage drinking include brain damage psychologica, dependent on alcohol,memory an d learning problems . And besides that there s a law that says you have to be at least 21 to drink . First there are the horrible physical affects of alcohol.Ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/welcom.reatures/20090902-teen-drinking/inc â€Å"AlcoholRead MoreNegative Effects of Lowering the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in America1292 Words   |  6 PagesWhen looking at the drinking age in many nations, a trend of relatively young minimum legal drinking ages (MLDA) can be seen around the world. As it stands, all of America’s 50 states employ a MLDA of 21 making America one of only seven countries in the world to have a drinking age set at 21; the oldest age set as the minimum legal drinking age in the world. Where many of our friends in Europe are happily drinking away at 18, many here in America are left wondering why we don’t employ the same ageRead MoreSadly, In Today’S Society There Is A Lot Of Issues Concerning1294 Words   |  6 PagesSadly, in today’s society there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic perform ance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, and talk about waysRead MoreAlcohol Is The Drug Of Choice Among Youth1692 Words   |  7 Pagesit comes on drinking at early age. Alcohol often has a strong effect on people and throughout history, we have struggled to understand and manage the power of alcohol. However, we hardly think how much alcohol is too much for us, unless we get into any kind of trouble or shows some physical or mental effects on our health. People usually consume alcohol to celebrate, relax and socialize. It is also use as the celebrating drink during any functions or occasions. Drinking patterns often

Practical Introduction To Australian Taxation Law †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Practical Introduction To Australian Taxation Law. Answer: Heading: The problem here is based on the determination of the ordinary income under the provision stated under the section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. The problem statement also deals with the expenses that are allowable as deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997[1]. Issues: The issue to the case study of Kate revolves around the ascertainment of taxable income derived from personal exertion and allowable deductions that can be claimed for expenses occurred during the income year under section 8-1. Rule: Section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997 is concerned with the income that derived by an individual taxpayer from the personal exertion or in other words income that is obtained from personal exertion[2]. The earnings include of salaries, wages and receipt of gratuity relating to the services provided in the capacity of employee denotes income from personal exertion under ordinary or statutory conceptsAs held in the case of Dean v FCT (1997) the retention payment that is made to the employee to continue the employment services for a period of 12 months after takeover will be held as income. A person that receives money from prize for participating in an activity will not be considered as income under the statutory and ordinary concepts. However, winning from prize money will be held as taxable income given that the money received from prize money forms the part of taxpayers income earning activity. According to the judgement of the court in the case of Stone v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2005) where the taxpayer was policeman and javelin thrower. The taxpayer made derived income from salary and also received sum from endorsement and prize money[3]. The court held the taxpayer to be carrying on the business of the professional athlete and the earnings derived was held as taxable income. There should be an appropriate association between the receipt and the provision of services rendered which is the ordinary incident of the provision of services. According to the judgement of the court in the case of FCT v Brent (1971) where the wife of the train robber was granted an exclusive right by the media company to publish her life story. The court held that payment received by wife of train robber was the reward for service and will be regarded as income from personal exertion. A mere windfall gain could not be characterised as the income. For instance, an individual receiving money from gambling winnings cannot be held as income except for the circumstances where the person is carrying on the business of gambling. The court of law in the case of Harris v FCT (1980) has distinguished windfall amount that are received unexpectedly or infrequently. A mere prize is not characterized as income. The court of law referring to the legislation passed in the circumstance of Moore v Griffiths (1972) held that mere winning from prizes was not held as taxable income. A gain which is classified as the mere gift cannot be held as carrying the character of income. An unsolicited gift will not be the part of income of the recipient simply because generosity was inspired by the goodwill. The judgement of the court of law in FCT v Hayes (1956) where the accountant received shares in the company from the previous owner of company could not be held as income. Periodic receipts having the character of income will be held as assessable income. The judgement held in the case of FCT v Dixon (1952) any form of periodic receipts received by the taxpayer will be held as assessable income[4]. A compensation payment received is mostly considered to be capital where a substantial amount of inconvenience is caused to the structure. A payment is mostly likely to be considered as the substitute for the lost income when the inconvenience is incidental to the that form of business. In the event of Rowe v FCT (1997) the court of law held that amount paid as compensation or reimbursement relating to deductible expenditure cannot be regarded as income under ordinary concepts. The court of law held that payment was not regarded as remuneration but was held as reparation. Application: The receipt of $90,000 as salary by Kate represents employment remuneration from the ordinary concept and will be assessable as income. Citing the reference of Dean v FCT (1997) the receipt of salary by Kate is for the services provided in the capacity of employee and will be income from personal exertion. Kate in her spare time participates in high-jumping competitions that led her winning prize of $60,000 and sports equipment of $20,000 from high-jumping competition. Referring to Stone v FCT (2005) winning from prize money will be held as taxable income under section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997 since she regularly participated in such completion in pursuit of excellence[5]. Kate carried on the activities of professional athlete and the earnings derived was held as taxable income. Additionally, the receipt of $20,000 sporting equipment by Kate will be classified as CGT asset under section 108-5 of the ITAA 1997. The receipt of $10,000 by Kate had an appropriate relationship between the receipt and the provision of services rendered which is in the ordinary occurrence of the provision of services. Citing the reference of FCT v Brent (1971) the amount of $10,000 will be included in the assessable income since it is reward for service that originated from the personal exertion. The receipt of $3000 sum from gambling by Kate cannot be held as income in other words the sum won by Kate is a mere windfall gain that could not be characterised as the income. By citing the reference of Harris v FCT (1980) the amount received by Kate from gambling is received unexpectedly and did not had regular character of income[6]. By referring to the event of Moore v Griffiths (1972) the winning of $1000 from horse competition by Kate at the local ranch is again mere winning from prizes. Consequently, the act of engaging in horse riding by Kate was occasionally and the prize winning from such competition cannot be held taxable since it lacked an income character. Kate received a generous gift of $2000 in the Christmas party from her grandparents. Gain that is categorized as the mere gift cannot be regarded as having the nature of income. An unsolicited receipt of gift by Kate will not form the part of income simply because generosity was inspired by her grandparents to gift her. Citing the reference of FCT v Hayes (1956) the receipt of $2000 by Kate could not be held as income since mere gift is not characterized as taxable income[7]. Kate derived a rental income of $20,000 from her rental property in Blue Mountains. Citing the reference of Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Dixon (1952) the receipt of rental income by Kate is a periodic receipts having the character of income and the same will be held as assessable income. As per ATO an individual receiving compensation payment for the loss of profit making structure is held as capital in nature. Kate rental property was destroyed by the seasonal bushfire. The compensation payment received by Kate represents a payment that is mostly likely to be considered as the substitute for the lost income. The payment of insurance received by Kate is mostly considered to be capital where a substantial amount of loss is caused to the rental property[8]. Referring to the judgement of court of law in Rowe v FCT (1997) compensation received for loss of property cannot be regarded as income under ordinary concepts since the payment cannot be held as remuneration but it is classified as reparation. In compliance with the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 the allowable expenditure of $40,000 that is reported by Kate will be held as allowable deduction by assuming that the expenses occurred is for deriving the assessable income. Conclusion: Conclusively, the income from salary and rental income will be assessable as ordinary concepts under section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. Additionally, winning from high-jump and payment from event hosting will be included in taxable income of Kate. Kate would be entitled to allowable deductions of $40,000 under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 on assuming that the expenses were incurred in deriving taxable income. Heading: The current problem is relating to the ascertainment of claiming deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 arising from loss and outgoings that is occurred during the income year of 2016-17. Issues: The issue examines the deduction of expenses such as occurred by Bags Co Ltd and providing advice on education expenses, travel expenses, conference and equipment cost under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997[9]. Rule: As held under section 8-1 there are two positive limbs where an individual can claim deductions from their assessable income any form of loss or outgoing up to the extent when the expenses is occurred in gaining taxable income or generating taxable income. As held in FCT v Ronpibon Tin NL (1949) expenses that are incidental and relevant will be considered as allowable deductions given it is incurred in generating taxable income[10]. Legal expenditure incurred by the taxpayer to prevent the defamatory statements would be considered as an allowable deductions section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. The court in the case of Magna Alloys Research Pty Ltd (1980) stated that the company is allowed to claim deductions for legal expenditure occurred in defending against the defamatory charges will be considered as allowable deduction[11]. As stated under taxation ruling of TR 93/30 expenditure that is occurred with the taxpayer home are considered personal or domestic in character and they do not qualify as allowable deductions for taxpayer under section 8-1. However, an exception to this rule is that where the portion of home is used for generating income and having the character of place of business then the expenses incurred such as lease, rent and taxes might be partially considered for deductions. The court of law in FCT v Swinford (1984) allowed the scriptwriter for claiming deductions relating to the portion of rent paid for the flat where the taxpayer dedicated a separate room for writing script since the taxpayer did not had separate business premises. According to taxation ruling of TR 98/9 Self-education expenditure incurred to maintain or increase the skill of taxpayer in occupation where the taxpayer is engaged or particularly for improving the earning capacity of taxpayer will be considered as allowable deductions. As held in Highfield v FCT (1982) a dentist was allowed to claim allowable deductions for expenses incurred in course fees, travel and expenses related to Master of Science in Periodontics[12]. The court held that expenses were occurred necessarily in executing the business since the purpose of undertaking the degree was to advance his practice. According to legislative response in section 25-100 of the ITAA 1997 an individual is allowed to claim an allowable deductions relating to expenses incurred on travelling. As held in FCT v Wiener the teacher was allowed to claim allowable deduction for expenses incurred on travel between the place of work and home with first and last school attended every day. Division 40 of capital allowance provides under section 40-25 (1) that a unit can claim allowable deduction for amount that are equivalent to decline in value for the income year of the depreciating asset which is held during the year. Furthermore, division 40-25 allows deductions reduced when the asset decline in value is in respect to its use for the purpose other than taxable purpose. Application: As evident from the case study Bag Co Ltd occurred expenditure on trading stock and payment of wages to employees. Furthermore, it is noted that Bag Co Ltd also incurred expenses relating to rent paid to occupy the retail premises in the income year. The expenses incurred by Bag Co Ltd are occurred under section 8-1 of the positive limbs and a deduction can be claimed from its assessable income. Citing the reference of FCT v Ronpibon Tin NL (1949) expenses incurred by Bag Co Ltd are incidental and relevant will be considered as allowable deductions[13]. Bag Co Ltd also incurred legal expenses in defending legal actions for misconduct which can be considered allowable deductions section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997[14]. Citing the reference of Magna Alloys Research Pty Ltd (1980) Bag Co Ltd can claim deductions for legal expenditure occurred in defending against the misconduct charges up to the extent they are occurred in gaining the taxable income. Sally an employee of Bag Co Ltd incurred expenses on lease apartment for maintaining an office to carry-out the accountancy work. Citing the reference of FCT v Swinford (1984) sally would be allowed to claim allowable deduction for home office expenses under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997[15]. Sally later incurred expenses on self-education expenses for enrolling in Master of professional accounting to advance in her career. With reference to Highfield v FCT (1982) sally will be able to claim allowable deduction for improving the earning capacity of taxpayer. Sally occurred travelling expenses on attending chartered accountants conference and incurs $700 on air travel and $1000 accommodations. The expenses incurred by Sally on travelling and air accommodations were for improving her income earning capacity and with reference to FCT v Wiener she will be allowed to claim deductions on travelling expenses[16]. Sally will be further able to claim capital allowance deductions under section 40-25 (1) for decline in value of computer equipment in respect to 80% of the work purpose. Prime Cost Method: Decline in Value = $10,000 x 365/365 x 100%/5 = 2000 Deductible amount = 2000*80% Diminishing Value Method: Decline in Value = 10,000 x 365/365 x 200%/5 = 4000 Deductible amount = 4000 x 80% = 3200 Conclusion: Conclusively, Bag Co Ltd would be entitled to deductions on trading stock, wages and rent whereas sally will be entitled to deductions for home office expense, self-education expense, travel and accommodation expenses under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. Reference List: Annette Morgan, Colleen Mortimer and Dale Pinto,A Practical Introduction To Australian Taxation Law(CCH Australia, 2013). Blakelock, Sarah, and Peter King. "Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching."Proctor, The37.6 (2017): 18. Braithwaite, Valerie, ed.Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge, 2017. Cao, Liangyue, et al. "Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes."Canberra: Treasury working paper2001 (2015). Chardon, Toni, Mark Brimble, and Brett Freudenberg. "Tax and superannuation literacy: Australian and New Zealand perspectives [Part 1]."Taxation Today102 (2017): 17-25. Cynthia Coleman and Kerrie Sadiq,Principles Of Taxation Law 2013. Davis, Angela K., et al. "Do socially responsible firms pay more taxes?."The accounting review91.1 (2015): 47-68. Davison, Mark, Ann Monotti, and Leanne Wiseman.Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Fry, Martin. "Australian taxation of offshore hubs: an examination of the law on the ability of Australia to tax economic activity in offshore hubs and the position of the Australian Taxation Office."The APPEA Journal57.1 (2017): 49-63. Miller, Angharad, and Lynne Oats.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. Paul Kenny,Australian Tax 2013(LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013). H Woellner,Australian Taxation Law 2012(CCH Australia, 2013). Richard E Krever,Australian Taxation Law Cases 2013(Thomson Reuters, 2013). ROBIN BARKOCZY WOELLNER (STEPHEN MURPHY, SHIRLEY ET AL.).AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2018. OXFORD University Press, 2018. Saad, Natrah. "Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view."Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences109 (2014): 1069-1075. Woellner, Robin, et al. "Australian Taxation Law 2016."OUP Catalogue(2016). [1] Woellner, Robin, et al. "Australian Taxation Law 2016."OUP Catalogue(2016). [2] Annette Morgan, Colleen Mortimer and Dale Pinto,A Practical Introduction To Australian Taxation Law(CCH Australia, 2013). [3] Blakelock, Sarah, and Peter King. "Taxation law: The advance of ATO data matching."Proctor, The37.6 (2017): 18. [4] Braithwaite, Valerie, ed.Taxing democracy: Understanding tax avoidance and evasion. Routledge, 2017. [5] Cao, Liangyue, et al. "Understanding the economy-wide efficiency and incidence of major Australian taxes."Canberra: Treasury working paper2001 (2015). [6] Davis, Angela K., et al. "Do socially responsible firms pay more taxes?."The accounting review91.1 (2015): 47-68. [7] Chardon, Toni, Mark Brimble, and Brett Freudenberg. "Tax and superannuation literacy: Australian and New Zealand perspectives [Part 1]."Taxation Today102 (2017): 17-25. [8] Cynthia Coleman and Kerrie Sadiq,Principles Of Taxation Law 2013. [9] Davison, Mark, Ann Monotti, and Leanne Wiseman.Australian intellectual property law. Cambridge University Press, 2015. [10] Fry, Martin. "Australian taxation of offshore hubs: an examination of the law on the ability of Australia to tax economic activity in offshore hubs and the position of the Australian Taxation Office."The APPEA Journal57.1 (2017): 49-63. [11] Miller, Angharad, and Lynne Oats.Principles of international taxation. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. [12] Paul Kenny,Australian Tax 2013(LexisNexis Butterworths, 2013). [13] Saad, Natrah. "Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view."Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences109 (2014): 1069-1075. [14]ROBIN BARKOCZY WOELLNER (STEPHEN MURPHY, SHIRLEY ET AL.).AUSTRALIAN TAXATION LAW 2018. OXFORD University Press, 2018. [15] R. H Woellner,Australian Taxation Law 2012(CCH Australia, 2013). [16] Richard E Krever,Australian Taxation Law Cases 2013(Thomson Reuters, 2013).

Natural and the Environmental protection

Introduction The impact of business operations on the environment has emerged to be a major concern especially in the developed economies. This is accompanied by the rising external pressures and internal motivation for environmentally sustainable business practices (Delmas Toffel 2005, p.4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Natural and the Environmental protection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various causes have significantly contributed to the current environmental crisis. Those who argue for environment-friendly business practices have presented notable common causes that relate to natural environment protection. They claim that the causes emanate because of the escalating demands for natural resources by corporations. Further, the intense machine utilization which emits harmful substances that degrade and consequently damage the natural environment is another factor which necessitates corporation to prote ct and equally care about the natural environment. The consumers’ strong inclination and preference to merchandises which are inexpensive yet prove not to be environmental friendly as opposed to expensive environmental friendly products has also been suggested as a factor that obliges corporations to partake activities that protect the natural environment (Selin VanDeveer 2006, p.11). However, many people have noted lack of any important relationship between the environment and corporations. The lingering argument is that environmental responsibility is politically-oriented and corporations should always focus on their respective core businesses. As a result, this paper attempts to answer the question â€Å"Should a corporation care about and protect the natural environment?† Apparently, environmental protection can be an opportunity to strengthen the relationship between a corporation and its stakeholders as well as a strategy to create competitive advantage. The env ironment and corporate stakeholders The execution of environmental management practices in any corporation is influenced by stakeholders like consumers, suppliers, legislators, employees and customers. In particular, consumers are becoming more environmentally conscious while the increasing green market segment prefers ecologically sound goods and services.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, these consumers are eager to sacrifice some economic development for environmental protection. Suppliers also exercise substantial pressure on business partners particularly for adoption of environmental certificates and establishment of management systems like ISO 14001, Eco-Management and Audit Scheme. Since the stakeholders are the key success factors to any corporation, environmental management leads to better practices which can influence the competitive position of a corporati on by imposing investment demands, new costs and efficiency (Williamson, Lynch-Wood Ramsay 2006, p.320). For instance, environmental initiatives may stem from concerns expressed by customers expecting the corporation to behave in a socially responsible manner within the society they operate in. In such a situation, the response that a firm gives to such concerns will determine its success within that society. This success has been observed in Toyota Motor Corp. which uses environmental sustainability initiatives to win customer loyalty. Adopting environmental protection measures offers corporations the opportunity to cater for and protect the natural environment while at the same time helping them to improve their competitive advantage. Bansal and Roth (2000, p.722) observed that corporations take ecological measures for reasons of competitiveness, legitimation and social responsibility. It is also suggested that environmental management can lead to broader range of benefits such a s cost saving, efficiency, waste reduction, positive image, marketing advantages, better media coverage, strong relationship with stakeholders, lower insurance premiums, improved staff motivation and improved overall quality. As Simpson, Taylor and Barker (2004, p.169) noted, the ability of corporations to gain competitive advantage is related to issues of marketing, operations strategy, product development as well as the processes and technologies of manufacturing. Developing competitive advantage through environmental protection There are two common theories in business context for acquiring competitive advantage. First is the industrial organization theory that is based on the work of Meyers (1992, p.257-259) and the second one is the resource-based theory (Barney 1991, p.92).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Natural and the Environmental protection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various researches that rela te environmental management to competitive advantage in corporation derive from organizational theory which suggests the organization of business operations in a value chain. The theory also highlights the difference between differentiation advantages and cost advantages. Porter (1985, p.31) insisted that value creation activities performed by the corporation to design, manufacture, market and support a product result from competitive advantage. Most of the primary activities will probably improve with the use of environmental management techniques such as waste control. A good example is lean production used by manufacturing firms and has been associated with competitive advantage. Cost advantages stem from pollution control, prevention technologies as well as corporate practices that increase production efficiency through waste management. Differentiation advantages result from enhancing product features to be environmentally friendly and creating new environmentally-friendly prod ucts alongside marketing the correlated environmental benefits. Resource-based theory views the corporation as a unique collection of resources including assets, capabilities and knowledge. The firm can use these resources to envisage and execute strategies that enhance their effectiveness and efficiency. The competitive advantage results from rare resources that come from organizational circumstances. Thus, environmental management initiatives can lead a corporation to acquire competitive advantage especially when it cannot be easily copied by others. However, environmental management should not only be considered as a social or legal responsibility, but as a venture that will enhance the efficiency of a corporation and give a competitive edge. Conclusion Apparently, a corporation should care about and protect the natural environment. This is not only for the sake of legal and social fulfillment as may tend to suggest, but for the sake of the business per se. In fact, environmental management is a good approach to strengthening the relationship between the firm and the important stakeholders. It helps in creating a competitive advantage by meeting the demands of any strategic endeavor. References Bansal, P Roth, K 2000, â€Å"Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness†, Academy of Management Journal, vol.43, no.4, pp.717-736.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Barney, JB 1991, â€Å"Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage†, Journal of Management, vol.17, no.1, pp. 99-120. Delmas, MA Toffel, MW 2005, Institutional pressure and environmental management, ISBER Publications, California. Meyers, C 1992, â€Å"The corporation, its members, and moral accountability†, Business Ethics: A Philosophical Reader, Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. Porter, ME 1985, Competitive advantage, The Free press, New York. Selin, H VanDeveer, S 2006, â€Å"Raising global standards: Hazardous substances and e-waste management in the European Union†, Environment, vol.48, no.10, pp.6–18. Simpson, M, Taylor, N Barker, K 2004, â€Å"Environmental responsibility in SMEs: Does it deliver competitive advantage†, Business Strategy and the Environment, vol.13, no.4, pp.154-171. Williamson, D, Lynch-Wood, G Ramsay, J 2006, â€Å"Drivers of environmental behavior in manufacturing SMEs and the implications for CSR†, J ournal of Business Ethics, vol.67, no.6, pp.317-330. This essay on Natural and the Environmental protection was written and submitted by user GorillaMan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Womens Sufferage

Women’s Sufferage Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt were fighting for the same women's rights in the mid 1900’s but they were nothing a like. Alice Paul was a radical Quaker who lead the more militant suffragists. She add an unseen energy to her movement. She had spent years earlier in England where she had worked with the more militant suffragist, Emily Pankherst. In 1913 she returned to the United States she established the Congressional Union within the NAWSA to lobby for a federal amendment. Paul became impatient with the slow pace and joined forces with western women voters to form the more militant National Women’s Party. This party had a more aggressive and dramatic tactics that the United States had not seen from a suffragist group. Paul and about 200 other women protested at Wilson's inaugural condemning the president and democrats for failing to produce a amendment supporting their movement. Alice Paul and all 200 women were sent to prison. That summer they chained them selves to the white house fence after attempting to scale it. After their arrest, they were strip searched and place with the other criminals in jail. Paul reacted by going on a hunger strike while in jail. This in jail strike created a lot of sympathy and the much needed publicity for the militant group. Paul had finally started to get Wilson's attention. Carrie Chapman Catt was a composed woman who married into her wealth. She was a school teacher who made her move in women's right when she was elected to the school board. She had recently re-married when she first became involved in the women's suffrage movement. She lived separate from her new husband for four months so she could deticate herself to the NAWSA. In 1915 she became President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Before the NAWSA was under her leadership most suffrage activists opposed the war, now they were behind it 100 percent. This support doubled it member... Free Essays on Womens Sufferage Free Essays on Womens Sufferage Women’s Sufferage Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt were fighting for the same women's rights in the mid 1900’s but they were nothing a like. Alice Paul was a radical Quaker who lead the more militant suffragists. She add an unseen energy to her movement. She had spent years earlier in England where she had worked with the more militant suffragist, Emily Pankherst. In 1913 she returned to the United States she established the Congressional Union within the NAWSA to lobby for a federal amendment. Paul became impatient with the slow pace and joined forces with western women voters to form the more militant National Women’s Party. This party had a more aggressive and dramatic tactics that the United States had not seen from a suffragist group. Paul and about 200 other women protested at Wilson's inaugural condemning the president and democrats for failing to produce a amendment supporting their movement. Alice Paul and all 200 women were sent to prison. That summer they chained them selves to the white house fence after attempting to scale it. After their arrest, they were strip searched and place with the other criminals in jail. Paul reacted by going on a hunger strike while in jail. This in jail strike created a lot of sympathy and the much needed publicity for the militant group. Paul had finally started to get Wilson's attention. Carrie Chapman Catt was a composed woman who married into her wealth. She was a school teacher who made her move in women's right when she was elected to the school board. She had recently re-married when she first became involved in the women's suffrage movement. She lived separate from her new husband for four months so she could deticate herself to the NAWSA. In 1915 she became President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Before the NAWSA was under her leadership most suffrage activists opposed the war, now they were behind it 100 percent. This support doubled it member...

This is the Trade Law Exercise Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

This is the Trade Law Exercise - Term Paper Example The WTO law that Newland first has to look into is based on the definition of unfair and what is considered as problematic to the company. Unfair trade is based on cartel agreements, price fixing and the abuse of a dominant position in the market. There are also specific rules that are based on dumping which Newland will need to look into. The dumping and subsidization that Newland is currently practicing doesn’t show that they are violating provisions of the WTO law and are practicing in compliance with what is expected in these terms. However, the problems with others in Richland lead to questionable actions that can be taken against Newland. Changing the operations then becomes necessary to keep offering products within Richland. Dumping and Newland Dumping is defined as bringing a product into another country at a lower value and price of the product. WTO doesn’t prohibit the practice of dumping in an organization; however, the problems with dumping becoming harmful to the domestic affairs to the community cause the WTO standards to change to ensure consistency and that specific regulation measures are taken. From this viewpoint, Newland isn’t breaking any laws, specifically in terms of dumping. They offer specific prices at a lower value to Richmond; however, this isn’t one that is considered illegal according to WTO practices. The problem that is arising is based on the domestic harm that is occurring. Richmond is now having difficulties with suppliers of the domestic product, which is causing the main conflict and has led to a loss of income and many businesses have lost their practice to Newland. The loss of business shows that there needs to be a different provision specifically for Richland because of the crisis with domestic products. While Newland technically isn’t breaking any laws with the anti-dumping measures, there are specific ways in which Richland can form against the large amount of profit that Newland is taking. The first way is through Article VI of GATT 1994. This states that if a specific company or individual files a grievance against the company, then it can be referred to in court. These specific actions against dumping may move into civil or criminal proceedings and penalty. However, since there are no other regulations with anti-dumping measures in the WTO law, this is dependent on a case by case basis. The only determinant is if the law suit is filed correctly and with the right type of grievances. However, under this same agreement, price undertakings and provisional measures are not the responsibility of WTO. The individual case that has to be created against Newland has to take calculations and measure to prove that dumping is being done, specifica lly in terms of price and the amount of products that are being sold. The calculation first implies that dumping is occurring, which compares the price to price value of Newland and other furniture manufacturers. Newland is known for carrying cheap furniture; however, the production isn’t inclusive of being outside of the price zone of other furniture zones and can’t be calculated. For Newland to be subjected to anti-dumping duties there would need to be proof that the furniture is below the regulation level for selling the furniture under priced. Determining whether the sale is in the ordinary course of

Marketing paper on brand equity, brand positioning and brand strategy Essay

Marketing paper on brand equity, brand positioning and brand strategy on Victoria Secrets - Essay Example dentity helps the company to remain one of the top competitors on a global level while continuing to expand the product line and amount of revenue that is available on a yearly basis. Victoria’s Secret is one of five companies under the name of Limited Brands. The other stores that follow this include Bath and Body Works, Pink, La Senza and Henri Bendel. The initial store began in 1963 in Ohio as a specialty realtor focused on lingerie, personal care and beauty products that are specific to women’s needs. The founder of the company is Leslie W. Wexner, a Russian immigrant that began to build a portfolio of fashion soon after graduating from high school. He grew the company from the founding store of his parents to lead into a segmented corporation. The mission of Limited Brands is to offer the world’s best fashion brands by providing high quality materials. This is followed by Limited Brands offering customer experiences that are unmatched in the industry followed by a focus on loyalty from customers and growth from both potential customers and stakeholders. There are four core principles that follow this, including the focus on the customer, passion that leads to success from the excellence of products, inclusion of new and innovative products for success and the belief to be fair in all business dealings. There are over 2900 stores in the U.S. and Canada and over 40 La Senza stores that are located across the globe. There is an average of $8.6 billion revenue in 2009 and 90,000 employees that are in the US (Limited Brands, 2010). The brand equity that is defined by Victoria’s Secret begins with the firm level that has been created. In 2009, the net sales of this branch were at $1,388,000 with a sales change increase of 9%. The comparable store sales are at 6% with an average of 6,063,000 square feet for sales. The stability of the store continues to remain the same, with potential for growth not only within the US and Canada, but also on a

Internet Advertising: Comparison of Nigeria and Hungary

Internet Advertising: Comparison of Nigeria and Hungary Abstract Despite the marginal difference between Nigeria and Hungary, the internet develops a relationship that can be exploited. Internet users of both countries are dominated by youths, and thus are the most accessible to internet ads. Internet advertising also termed online advertising or internet marketing or web advertising is simply the making available of advertising messages and marketing communication through the internet via the web. Internet advertising which was introduced several years after traditional advertising (banners) in the 1990s now suppresses all other advertising medias and hence constitutes a significant channel for the majority of firms. These firms range from small to big sizes, national and multinational, service providing to manufacturing enterprises (Restaurants to ship manufacturing agencies). Internet advertising now shares a position in the context of marketing communication strategy planning and implementation. It is vital for organizations considering internet marketing strategy to effectively associate each component reason being that, with the global market place, it is important for entrepreneurs and marketers to be critical of what is most beneficial and meets their needs to the internet marketing strategy intended for use. Byusing the standard advertising program process as a base,it is simple to outline the characteristics of the Internet which abusiness must take into consideration when planning a Web advertisingcampaign (Kotler, 1997). Without trying to dispute earlier findings in this thesis, the work presented attempts in it own way to highlight some comparative ideas of internet advertising between Nigeria and Hungary thus stating the aims of this paper based on internet users social context on the effectiveness of internet advertisement. By using primary material from books and other sources, the idea of internet advertisement is identified. And by considering other publication, some conclusions are generated for the better understanding of this piece. By examining the topic of this thesis, its extensive nature is revealed. Three fields of study are mentioned and are dealt with accordingly -Marketing, information technology, and advertisement (internet advertising). As broad as each of these could be, the presentation is quite short and straight to the most essential. The study depicts the differences in the attitude of internet users to ads. The analysis obtained from input sources reveal a significant relationship between the type of activities of users through which they come into contact with internet ads in each of the two countries (Nigeria and Hungary). 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of Study The growth in Internet Advertising has paved its way and settles comfortably in the global world of business due to internet innovations. Further more its effects, impact and usefulness can be observed social aspect of human activities thereby creating greater opportunities for a more developed and diversified recreation. The Internet or World Wide Web has quickly become the most effective way for businesses to advertise their products or services to expected consumers. Some Web sites such sell advertisement space for sponsoring and by so doing they profit highly from the increase of advertising on the Internet. The number of people with internet access and internet services is growing continuously at a geometric rate and with internet advertisement potential customers can view these advertisements thereby contributing to the maximum level of business profits. Recent studies on internet advertising focus more on empirical works as well as theoretical structures there by investigating the role of some factors in the success of internet advertising, none the less it is necessary to present some significant measures employed in this thesis to quantify advertising effectiveness. According to Pavlou and Steward (2000), advertisement has a direct effect to consumers and therefore considered as an independent variable while consumer response is the dependent variable. They further explain the nature of the highly interactive environments taking into account other factors such as online context in which advertisement takes place in order to render this study more insightful. Incorporated here are many aspects of internet advertisement context as types of internet activities and users social context in the study of responses to internet advertisement. Internet advertising is rapidly growing and advertisements have become more apparent in our Internet usage. When advertising on the Internet, both the businesses and the web sites (search engines) profits. Businesses profit from the use of internet advertising by minimizing cost compared to standard advertising which is a lot more expensive. Internet advertising raises awareness, conveys advertisers messages and enhances brand perceptions and with greater advertisement exposure inflicts even greater impact. Responds to this advertisement differs considerably by different individual in different Geographical locations and cultural background. An AdHoc study conducted by Gemius in cooperation with Sanoma Budapest proves that most Internet users in Hungary have a positive attitude towards online advertising. Moreover it shows what their behavior is like in response to online advertising and the perceived image of the advertised companies. The respondents were also evaluating different formats of advertisements in the survey, indicating the ones that they know best and the favorite ones. The research was conducted on the Internet in the form of a pop-up survey (random sampling) on May 2006. 67% of the respondents declared that they accept online advertisements as the price for free access to web sites. (International Operations Department, Press release June 30, 2006) Internet usage in Nigeria is an important issue with the average student using 10.5 hours per week and the total population averaging 3.5 hours per week. Internet usage in Nigeria has consistently grown to 11million internet users as of June 2009 according to the International Communication Union (ITU) report. Various types of broadband bring the internet to our door steps such as Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ASDL), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), cable broadband, wireless, satellite, Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) etc With the accession of the internet, came an easier method of communication, transmission of information to the public and hence the rise of the internet advertisement. Advertising on the Internet can be viewed as a social contract between advertisers and Internet users. Every individual comes across advertising through multiple channels; either outdoor: through fliers, bill boards etc or indoor: through the internet, A reason why todays market is highly dominated by advertising. Based on the fact that we live in a globalized world, advertising is recognized in every country in its own structure with respect to its culture, consumer demand or requirements. 1.2 Aims and objectives This thesis outlines and compares how internet users in Nigeria and Hungary respond to internet advertisements with focus on the technical aspects, social networking and simple basic adverts in websites. In addition I am searching for various answers and perceptions of what people from these different countries think about these adverts and the effect it has on them in a cultural perspective considering the fact that both cultures are not only socially different but economical and educational as well. In the first part of this study, I am researching how technical aspects, such as social networking and website adverts in Nigeria and Hungary. It is followed by an evaluation of how Nigerians and Hungarians respond to internet in the second part. The third part focuses on a research for: the changes the internet brings in Nigeria and Hungary for example is the internet improving industries such as the banking sector or being an important educational tool for students? Is it the centre of attention for businesses? Finally, the fourth part is the conclusion drawn based on the findings of the aforementioned research. 2 Literature review Under the literature review, I will be considering a thorough review of the already existing literature on the subject of internet advertising which is highly important for the continual understanding of the sections in this thesis. Picking the pieces and fitting them together I will build a concrete piece on the above mentioned topic starting with defining the parts that make up our topic, considering the social and technical aspect of the internet, advertising and last but not the least marketing. 2.1 The internet The birth of the internet did not come as a surprise, may be to the common man in the streets but definitely not for the scientist who had been expecting something new, fresh, cheap and friendlier. It emerged in the early 1960s as a way for the US department of defense to create a secure means of communication in case of uncertainties. It evolved from Advance Research Agency (ARPA) in 1969 to ARPANET for the civilian sector and MILNET (military network) â€Å"(Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001)†. In the 1980s ARPANET was renamed National science Foundation Network (NSFNET). The progress of this development proceeded in 1989 with the creation of a more efficient way of sharing information by defining the Hypermedia Protocol (HTTP- Hypertext Transfer Protocol) which is the standard addressing format URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and the programming language HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) which has become the basis of World Wide Web (WWW) which is universal and the most used part of the internet to access multimedia e.g. text documents, graphics, videos etc â€Å"(Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001)†. In 1993, a team led by Marc Anderson developed a new piece of software called â€Å"Mosaic† as the first internet browser after which other browsers were introduced, like internet explorer by Microsoft which became the most prominent â€Å"(Jeffrey F. Rayport et al. 2001)†. After these developments, todays internet has not only brought technology but also affects the way things are done world wide. It is continuously changing to the extent that it has taken almost all diversification and stems all changes in world business, revolutionarising the way business is done, the concepts between business and consumers. 2.2 Overview of the general background of advertising Advertising is a collective term for public announcements designed to promote the sale of specific products or services. It is a form of mass selling, employed when the use of direct, person-to-person selling is impractical, impossible, or simply inefficient. Advertising techniques range in complexity from the publishing of simple notices in the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to integrated marketing communications, involving the concerted use of advertising in newspapers, magazines, television, and radio, and on the internet which is our main focus. Advertising dates back to the Christian era. Advertisements transited from the outdoor signs as paintings on wall of buildings that were very sight captivating to company trade marks which were two or three dimensional picture or signs in the 16th centuries. Around the 1880s, there came Mail orders and pamphlets and in late19th century, many American firms began to market packaged goods under brandnames. Previously consumers had not been aware of or influenced by brand names. The first product that had brand name was soap products. In the 1880s a fewbrands came out and they were Ivory, Pears, Sapolio, Colgate, Kirks AmericanFamily and Packers. Not long after brands such as Royal baking powder, Quakeroats, Bakers chocolate, Hires root beer, regal shoes, etc were nationally advertised. 2.2.1 Stages of advertisement The major goal of advertising is to generate awareness of a business and its products. Once the business reputation is established and its products are positioned within the market, the amount of resources used for advertising will decrease as the consumer develops a kind of loyalty to the product. Targeting the audience, product concept, communication media, and advertising message are the core elements of an advertising strategy, and are often referred to as the creative mix. Again, what most advertisers stress from the beginning is clear planning and flexibility. And key to these aims is creativity, and the ability to adapt to new market trends. Target consumer is a complex combination of persons. It includes the person who ultimately buys the product, as well as those who decide what product will be bought (but dont physically buy it), and those who influence product purchases, such as children, spouse, and friends. In order to identify the target consumer, the following should be considered; Demographics(Age, gender, job, income, ethnicity, and hobbies.), Behaviors (awareness of the business and its competition, the type of vendors and services the consumer uses, and the types of appeals that are likely to convince the consumer to give the advertisers product or service a chance.), Needs and Desires (determine consumer needs in practical and self-image terms.) The product concept grows out of the guidelines established in the positioning statement. How the product is positioned within the market will dictate the kind of values the product represents, and thus how the target consumer will receive that product. Therefore, it is important to remember that no product is just itself, but, as Courtland L. Bovee and William F. Arens stated in Contemporary Advertising, a bundle of values that the consumer needs to be able to identify with. Whether couched in presentations that emphasize sex, humor, romance, science, masculinity, or femininity, the consumer must be able to believe in the products representation. The communication media is the means by which the advertising message is transmitted to the consumer. In addition to marketing objectives and budgetary restraints, the characteristics of the target consumer need to be considered as an advertiser decides what media to use. Advertisers can choose from the following media categories such as Print, Video, World Wide Web, Direct mail, outdoor advertising-Billboards, advertisements on public transportation (cabs, buses). After deciding on the medium that is 1) financially in reach and 2) most likely to reach the target audience, an advertiser needs to schedule the broadcasting of that advertising. The media schedule, as defined by Hills, is the combination of specific times (for example, by day, week, and month) when advertisements are inserted into media vehicles and delivered to target audiences. An advertising message is guided by the advertising or copy platform, which is a combination of the marketing objectives, copy, art, and production values. This combination is best realized after the target consumer has been analyzed, the product concept has been established, and the media and vehicles have been chosen. At this point, the advertising message can be directed at a very concrete audience to achieve very specific goals. Hiam and Schewe listed three major areas that an advertiser should consider when endeavoring to develop an effective advertising platform: the unique features of the products, how consumers will evaluate the product, rank of competitors in the eyes of the consumer, their weaknesses in their positions and their strengths. Copy: When composing advertising copy, it is crucial to remember that the primary aim is to communicate information about the business and its products and services. Many companies utilize a theme or a slogan as the center piece of such efforts, emphasizing major attributes of the businesss products or services in the process. But as Hiam and Schewe caution, while something must be used to animate the theme †¦care must be taken not to lose the underlying message in the pursuit of memorable advertising. Art work and layout: Small business owners also need to consider the visual rhetoric of the advertisement, which simply means that the entire advertisement, including blank space, should have meaning and logic. Most industry experts recommend that advertisers use short paragraphs, lists, and catchy illustrations and graphics to break up and supplement the text and make the document both visually inviting and easy to understand. Remember, an advertisement has to capture the readers attention quickly. 2.2.2 Internet advertising Internet advertising is a message delivered to people by placing adverts on Search engines, Social networking websites such as Facebook, e-mails, pop ups etc. These adverts can be seen by the whole world and are not limited to a geographical region. In this same respect, adverts are meant for the mass and there are many users of internet worldwide so the message gets spread widely and quickly thereby reaching people of different cultures and beliefs. Some of the people might be uninterested because the signs or symbols used violate their cultures. E-mails are also sent to people who are either not interested or are not located geographically in areas accessible to the products. 2.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of internet ads The most common item that determines advantages of a product or service lies in its cost. Internet advertising packages could be available at very low costs (10 dollars per monthly subscription). Trouble free relativity could also be a great advantage internet advertisement has over other media ads, to the user and the producer, all which is needed is first of all a PC then internet service, through which you can either design a site or survey advert sites. It is could also be noticed that with internet advertisement, when advertisers get to know the age group, taste, and sex of consumers who most frequently survey their ads, site owners could easily and quickly update their pages to current consumer needs compared to other media ads which could do so only periodically. Market presentation is also easy with internet ad, product or service is designed for the younger generation or the corporate world are easily viewed by this class of persons as they make the greater proportion of int ernet users and the greatest proportion of consumers. Though a multiple advantages make internet advertisement favorable, some disadvantages could still be noticed. Internet advertisement is made better with professional help and these additional costs make some ads more expensive than others. It is disadvantageous to use only the internet as advertising medium because there are a hand full of persons who can not gain access to this new technology or they just dont have the trust in these internet ads. 2.3 Broad band connections in Hungary and Nigeria Broadband connection is a new concept used, in place of dial up connections. Broadband internet connection is faster and offers a host of advantages in them. The speed is usually faster than a dial up connection, which facilitates many operations at a time in for example watching many online live shows and movie downloads etc. There are various types of broadband offered nowadays. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ASDL), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL), cable, wireless, satellite, Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) etc are some common types. Hungarys internet providers provide their services using a number of broadband which include DSL, Cable broadband, ADSL2+ and Wireless broadband. The broad band is distributed through multiple distribution channels namely; UPC, T-Kabel, Fibernet and DIGI. Hungarys broadband market experiences strong growth, Cable broadband is widely available due to the network penetration of the countrys cable operators. The broadband market as a whole experiences a significant growth as the regulators have reduced access tariffs and have introduced a wholesale system based on retail tariffs to ensure suitable margin for alternative operators. Digital cable services have been launched by a handful of the smaller cable operators and the countrys Direct To Home (DTH) market is showing fresh signs of life. The Internet access sector in Hungary constitutes the total revenues generated by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from the provision of narrowband and broadband Internet connections through both consumer and corporate channels. Similar to Hungary, Nigeria uses ADSL, cable and wireless broadband services which are rapidly replacing the formal dial up access method. Market penetration is still low leaving room for necessary growth. Nigerians connect to the internet in many ways through Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) links, Wireless microwave links internet access and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) access. Many of these sessions are through internet cafes as very few Nigerians have their own personal computers. Mobile operators are strongly gaining growth by providing Nigerians to access the internet through mobile devices. Such service providers are; MTN, Celtel, and Glo Mobile providing internet, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS and HSDPA all across the nation. 2.4 Technical aspects of internet usage in Nigeria and Hungary Internet usage is regarded with direct reflection of the total countrys population. This would be termed the percentage rate of penetration which relates to the number of internet users per square feet of the population. Public cyber cafe of various shades and sizes are the most common method of access individuals have to the internet. In addition to that, there are internet service providers delivering direct access to individuals and businesses on a variety of platforms. There is widespread availability in urban centres, and fairly good availability in smaller towns most recently, mobile phone lines such as MTN, Celtel, and Glo Mobile provide internet, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS and HSDPA all across the nation, it is almost amazing to find internet access in some of the most remote locations in the country. According to an issue in trade invest Nigeria onBroadband in Nigeria: The revolution is coming by Jaco Maritzs; posted on Sunday, March 16th 2008, Nigerians connect to the internet in many ways but 53% of connections are made through Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) links. Wireless microwave links account for 19% of internet access and Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) access are estimated to be only 14%. Many of these sessions are through internet cafes as very few Nigerians have their own personal computers. National Bureau of Statistics figures show that in 2006 less than 10% of internet users had access from the workplace and less than 4% from the home. Only 1.3% of the population own personal computers. Nigerian internet users are aged between 11 and 40 with a greater part of this population being students, business persons, and to a lower extent, the public functions giving a 7.4 % total internet population penetration. (See appendix Diagram N2) In Hungary, other than the traditional activities of the internet (emailing, browsing, reading journals online), a greater extent of Internet users use it for the leisure function of the web, job search and application, internet purchases, watching or listening to news, entertainment purposes as well. Users in Hungary vary between the ages of 10 and 69 summing a total of 34.9% internet rate of penetration. 55% of these users use the online voice transmission in communication and chatting, at least 33 percent have tried to watch television via the internet. The number of people using internet at home increases considerably, from 23% in 2007 to 28% in 2008 and 41% in 2009. Having access to the internet does not necessarily imply using it as of the 46% of home owners 10 % of them do not use it at all. (See appendix Diagram H3) 2.5 Marketing in Hungary and Nigeria Advertising is in respect to marketing, that is; people advertise to make known their products and hence gain marketing ground; therefore a vivid understanding of marketing is necessary. Customer satisfaction, as a construct, has been fundamental to marketing for over three decades and every advertisement tries to comply with this logic. As far back as 1960s, satisfying the needs and desires of the consumer stands as the definition of marketing â€Å"Keith 1960†. Interest in customer satisfaction increased through out the years till date. Several studies have shown that it costs about five times to gain a new customer as it does to keep an existing customer and these results into more interest in customer relationships (Naumann, 1995). Companies now have big investment in database marketing, relationship management and customer planning to move closer to their customers â€Å"Hill and Alexander (2000)†. These definitions demonstrate that increasing customer satisfaction affects companies directly, increases their market shares which lead to improved profits, positive recommendation, lower marketing expenditures and greatly impacts company corporate image and hence enhances their survival. The relevance of these definitions to this study indicates that customers access the internet services based on experience of use and rating is done in accordance with the internet services attributes. In this study, customer satisfaction in the Nigerian and Hungarian markets will be evaluated based on customers usage and their reaction to internet advertisements, experience of network quality, billing, validity period and customer care support. By Marketing Penetration we imply where a company expands market share in an existing market byusing existing products which could be done in 4 main ways. 1. Persuade existing customers to buy more of the same product, thiscan be done buy promotions such as 3 for 2. This make the customerfeel as if they are getting more for their money, and hopefullycould stop them from switching to alternative brands. 2. Attracting new customers to products. This can be done buyimproving the image of the product, new packaging, reducing price,or buy giving a % extra free. 3. Poaching customers from competitors. Buy reducing price, givingfreebies, and a % extra free with the product. Doing this couldincrease your market share and reduce your competitors. 4. Withdrawing other products. Buy withdrawing less profitableproducts, similar products can become more profitable, and sellmore. Marketing through internet advertising targets all already existing consumers and expected consumers both to cultivate lasting customer relationships. The internet provides a new and cheap channel for marketing through advertising. Once in the internet any customer is able to see an advert posted and many are willing to place orders via the internet by sending emails directly to the web host. According to Armstrong et al (2005), the internet is an excellent channel for communication with customers on individual basis because of its immediate and direct interaction capability. From companys point of view, a companycan enter the cyber marketing world without theintervention of any intermediaries simply by buying into the technology itself and by turning the medium into amarketing research as well as an advertising medium, interactive media also operates in territories not covered by a vendorssales force, therefore reaching the showroom and the sales pitch to the buyersremote locations simply by dropping it in the post. It can be agreed that internet marketing improves brand image of a company or products or both, hence it is a revenue earner, reliability of the country is very important for the success of internet marketing. Companies necessarily focus their internet marketing based on the gender difference and so make more money though Consumers remain uncertain. Internet marketing can be used successfully whether it is industrial products or consumer products. It is undisputable that online support is an important factor to make internet marketing a success. Companies and consumers agree that more user friendly, better key word matches would drive the future search engine marketing. 2.6 Pricing factor in internet advertising Prising in internet advertisement is a subject which can not be under minded as it involves the reason for advertising (both the advertiser and the consumer) each product or service advertised carries a different parameters depending on the desires of the individual consumer who finally decides on his/her preferences. After this determining factor of attribute parameter of product, the price becomes a relevant factor. Price is a parameter of buyers decision that can not be overlooked, further more, when a characteristic is considered more important than price in making a purchase decision, then its value is considered to be a requirement for purchase, but if the intended characteristic is considered less important than price, then acceptable range can be seen as preference rather than requirement (Joan Morris and Paul P. Maglio, 2001) Therefore, price is a general determinant for especially price sensitive consumers. Internet advertisers have different pricing techniques to attract new buyers and at the same time maintain already existing consumers which is based on consumer characteristic and the dynamically nature of demand and supply. Some of such frequently used pricing techniques are: Dynamic pricing As the term indicates, it is the dynamic adjustment of prices to consumers depending on the value attributed to product or service by these same consumers. By making provisions for affordable prices for certain products, this system instigates optimal results for consumers and hence enhances maximum sales to those selling. With internet marketing, there exists an evident shift from fixed pricing to dynamic pricing with greater competition existing against the formal and still existing traditional marketing system. Price differentiation It is a process whereby the same product of different units is sold at different prices to different consumers. With price differentiation, prices differ with the number of units sold. This could involve group pricing, discount pricing etc. With price differentiation, companies decrease the suitability of their products and services by customising their offers to the requirements of specific customers or market segment. This provides the customer with an advantage to purchase the said product or service. Using these pricing techniques enables the consumer to purchase a product by stating his or her own price, considering the suitability of the product in question. The right price in the market can not be easily determined, prices are competitive and this directly influences price sensitive consumers who have the tendency to fall for the most appreciated prices during their purchases. The best price in internet market does not only consider the price established by the producer or seller but also that requested by the buyer or consumer. Internet marketing offers the opportunity for companies to test prices, segment customers and adjust to change in supply and demand (Efraim Turban et Al. 2006) to consumers these pricing techniques are advantageous in the sense that consumers have the opportunity to find unique items and collectibles, consumers remain unanimous, internet market creates a bargaining atmosphere enabling the consumer to opt for the most affordable price, it is more convenient as consumer is not obliged to change location to execute a purchase and for the producers, they gain more customers by offering more items directly, it enhances maximum sales which is a fundamental base of every business, it improves customer relationship and customer loyalty to already existing customers. 2.7 Factors influencing intern Led Zeppelin: History and Analysis Led Zeppelin: History and Analysis Led Zeppelin was one of the most popular mainstream rock bands from 1968 to 1980. Consisting of Robert Plant on vocals, Jimmy Page on guitar, John Paul Jones on bass guitar, and John Bonham on the drums, they are now considered to be one of the greatest rock bands that ever played. Led Zeppelin made many contributions to the music world and their legacy is still very alive today. Each individual member of Led Zeppelin made their own contributions to their music and the advancement of music as a whole. Without any one member Led Zeppelins legacy would be completely different. Robert Plants high vocal style and songwriting abilities were instrumental in Led Zeppelins success. Jimmy Pages musical knowledge and innovative guitar playing are widely considered to be some of the greatest of their time. According to AllMusic.com Jimmy Page is Unquestionably one of the all-time most influential, important, and versatile guitarists and songwriters in rock history (Prato, 2011). John Bonhams loud, heavy drumming and percussion skills were essential to the Led Zeppelin hard rock sound. A friend of Bonhams once said that He always wanted to be one of the loudest drummers in the west and was determined not to be drowned out by guitarists (Welch Nicholls, 2001, p. 28). John Paul Jones steady bass rhythms and musical diversity were key elements to the Led Zeppelin sound tha t are often overlooked. Led Zeppelin was officially formed as a group in the late 1960s. Founder and guitarist Jimmy Page was playing with a group known as The Yardbirds at the time. In 1968, The Yardbirds disbanded and Page began searching for new members for the band. He was soon put into contact with Robert Plant and hired him as the bands new vocalist. Plant knew a drummer and suggested John Bonham, an old band mate, for the job. Bonham was soon hired and all they needed was a bassist. John Paul Jones soon contacted Page and the band was formed as the New Yardbirds. The band soon recorded their first album together and it was released under their new name Led Zeppelin. In late 1968 Led Zeppelin signed with Atlantic Records and in the last days of December they performed live in the United States for the first time. Led Zeppelins early days were mainly spent touring Europe and recording for their first album as Led Zeppelin. Their first record propelled them onto the music scene with a groundbreaking heavy blues-rock fusion. The touring for the first album made Led Zeppelin a household name and landed them in the limelight for the next decade. Over the next ten years Led Zeppelin went to new heights with their massive concerts and innovative records. Led Zeppelins first official album, a self-titled record, was recorded in late 1968 and was subsequently released in the United States in January of 1969. The album produced a number of classic Led Zeppelin staples such as Dazed and Confused, Good Times Bad Times, and Communication Breakdown. Elements from this album such as Jimmy Pages use of a cello bow to play his guitar went on to become icons of Led Zeppelins music. Although the album was initially criticized, the album is now considered to be one of the greatest stepping stones in the further development of hard rock music. Later in October 1969 Led Zeppelin released their second album, Led Zeppelin II, and the response was even greater than their first. This album really showcased the bands blues and folk influences on song like Ramble On and Bring it on Home. Robert Plant became famous for his mystical and story-telling songwriting style and we see those elements in Ramble On. One of the biggest legacies to come from this album was the song Whole Lotta Love. Whole Lotta Love is one of their most famous songs and has been covered extensively over the years. Jimmy Pages guitar riffs and solos are some of the most recognizable guitar works of the time. A year later, in October 1970, Led Zeppelin released their third album and unsurprisingly it was named Led Zeppelin III. The album contains more acoustic and mellow songs than its predecessors. In an interview regarding the making of their third album Jimmy Page said Well never stop doing the heavy things, because that comes out naturally when we play. But there is another side to us. The new album is totally different from the others and I see that its obviously a new direction (Retrieved April 3, 2011, www.ledzeppelin.org). The album was mostly done at a place called Bron-Yr-Aur in the U.K. One of the albums songs, Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp, was named after it. Led Zeppelins fourth album was released in November 1971, and although it is often referred to as Led Zeppelin IV, it is also known by many other names. The album itself has no name on it but it has become known as Zoso or the four symbols due to the symbols that the band members chose to represent themselves. The symbols of Robert Plant, John Bonham, and John Paul Jones all have meanings, but the symbol that Jimmy Page used has been a topic of debate since he began using it. Robert Plants symbol, a circle with a feather inside, is said to represent a writer, John Bonhams, three interlocking circles, are said to represent the link between a man, a woman, and their child, and John Paul Jones symbol, a circle over three vesica piscis, is said to be the symbol of a confident and competent individual (Retrieved April 3, 2001, www.inthelight.co.nz). The real mystery surrounds Jimmy Pages symbol which has become known as Zoso. Nobody really knows for sure what the symbol means other than J immy himself, but it has been a mysterious question for Led Zeppelin fans ever since. The fourth album is also considered to be one of Led Zeppelins greatest works and contains some of their most memorable songs. Led Zeppelin IV contained such Led Zeppelin classics as Black Dog, Rock and Roll, Going to California, When the Levee Breaks, and Stairway to Heaven. Led Zeppelin returned to their hard rock form from their first two records and the result was their best selling record. Led Zeppelin IV is the fourth best-selling album in history with over 22 million copies sold. The epic Stairway to Heaven is still the most requested song of all-time for radio (Retrieved April 5, 2011, rockhall.com). In 1973 Led Zeppelin released Houses of the Holy and in 1975 released the double album Physical Graffiti. These two albums both topped the charts and produced songs such as Kashmir, Over the Hills and Far Away, Houses of the Holy, and Trampled Under Foot. These years were also the height of Led Zeppelins tours. From 1970 until Aug. 1975 Led Zeppelin toured extensively in Britain and the U.S. They set record numbers for attendance and were famous for playing at sports stadiums and other large venues. In August of 1975 Robert Plant and his wife were involved in a serious car accident which prevented the band from touring. Although they couldnt tour, they still continued to stay in the public eye. During their break from touring due to Plants injury, the band focused on new materials and finishing an old project. In March of 1976 the band released Presence, their sixth album. Presence was their worst selling album, although it did produce the epic song Achilles Last Stand. Also, in 1973 the band played three shows in New York City at Madison Square Gardens and their live performances were filmed for use in a live concert film that was released in October 1976. The band returned to the touring circuit in 1977 and picked up where they left off. The band continued to set records for attendance to their concerts and live performances. After touring for a few months, the band cancelled the remainder of the 1977 tour dates due to the surprising death of Robert Plants son. After the death of Plants son, the band took a break and returned to record their next album in late 1978. The album, In Through the Out Door, was released in the summer of 1979. Songs like Fool in the Rain and All of my Love propelled it to the top of the charts. Led Zeppelin toured Europe on and off in 1979 and 1980. On Sept. 25th, 1980, John Bonham was found dead at the age of thirty-two as a result of choking on his own vomit following a day of very heavy drinking. The band disbanded following his death, although they did release an album of old Led Zeppelin outtakes called Coda in 1982. Over the years after 1980 the band only reunited for a few one-time performances. In 1985 they played at the Live Aid concert and again in 1988 for the Atlantic records 40th anniversary. Robert Plant and Jimmy Page released an album together in 1994 entitled No Quarter. Also, In honor of the life of their friend Ahmed Ertegun, the three living members reunited with Jason Bonham, Johns son, on drums to play a concert in London in December 2007. Almost three decades after their departure Led Zeppelin was still highly regarded by both old and new fans, as their show in December 2007 set a new record for most demanded concert tickets. From 1968 to 1980 Led Zeppelin dominated the rock music world with their high-energy live performances that broke numerous attendance records and their chart-topping albums. Their songs are still some of the most recognized and requested songs on American radio. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. Their biography for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame used these words to describe their legacy: Combining the visceral power and intensity of hard rock with the finesse and delicacy of British folk music, Led Zeppelin redefined rock in the Seventies and for all time. They were as influential in that decade as the Beatles were in the prior one (Retrieved April 5, 2011, rockhall.com). Led Zeppelin paved the way for the hard rock bands of the late seventies, eighties, and into the nineties. They also popularized huge live performances at stadiums and arenas that were emulated for years to follow. The impact and legacy of Led Zeppelin has influenced bands and the entire music industry for the past three decades and will continue to influence them for years to come. Demographic Analysis of Service Quality | Results Chapter Demographic Analysis of Service Quality | Results Chapter This section presents the findings about the respondents profile in terms of their age, gender, level of education and monthly income. The data are shown in frequencies and percentage. 4.1.1 Age Gender The respondents have been classified into six groups of age: less than 18 years old; between 19-25 years old; between 26-35 years old; between 36-45 years old; between 46-55 years old; 56 years old and above. Table 4.1 indicates that there were no respondents whose age was less than 18 years old. Around one-fifth (33 or 21.6 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 19-25 years old. More than half (78 or 51.0 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 26-35 years old. About (33 or 21.6 percent) of the respondents whose age was between 36-45 years old. Only (8 or 5.2 percent) respondents whose age was between 46-55 years old and only one person whose age was 56 years old and above. 4.1.2 Level of education The respondents have been classified into six groups of educational level: high school, diploma (two years), bachelors degree, masters degree, doctoral degree and other. Table 4.3 indicates that there were almost (11 or 7.2 percent) of the respondents who had high school. About (5 or 3.3 percent) of the respondents who had diploma (two years). About one-third (52 or 34.0 percent) of the respondents who had bachelors degree. More than third (60 or 39.2 percent) of the respondents who had masters degree. About (23 or 15 percent) of the respondents who had doctoral degree and about (2 or 1.3 percent) holding other types of certificates. 4.1.3 Monthly Income The respondents have been classified into seven groups of monthly income: Less than 2,999; 3,000 5,999; 6,000 8,999; 9,000 11,999; 12,000 14,999; 15,000 19,999 and More than 20,000 SAR per month. Table 4.4 shows that there were almost (12 or 7.8 percent) of the respondents who had less than 2,999 SAR income. About (15 or 9.8 percent) had between 3K 5,999 SAR. About (22 or 14.4 percent) had between 6K 8,999 SAR. About 17.6 and 17.0 percent had less than 12K and 15K respectively. The majority (28 or 18.3 percent) of respondents had between 15K 19,999 SAR per month and about (23 or 15.0 percent) have had more than 20K SAR as monthly income. 4.2 Level of Selected Variables This part discusses the respondents level of agreement on system quality factors, information quality factors and service quality factors. The findings are presented in frequencies, percentages, and means. The discussion also emphasizes the data sufficiency and variables effect on e-Commerce growth within Saudi Arabia. 4.2.1 Level of agreement based on system quality In terms of System Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.5 that 58 (37.9 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 29 (19 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 28 (18.3 percent) Somewhat Agree. Twenty-two (14.4 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Ten (6.5 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree. The findings indicated factor 2 (Ease of Use) as the highest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.66, SD=1.531) in this category. On the other hand, factor 4 (Reliability) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.34, SD=1.717). In the case of the factor analysis, one important aspect is to test the assumptions. The two key techniques used are the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy test and the Bartlett test for sphericity. The KMO tests the appropriateness of the data, while the Bartlett tests for correlations. For system quality, these tests are shown on Table 4.7. As shown on Table 4.7, the KMO is 0.898. According to Field (2005, p650), the recommended minimum KMO is 0.5 Values between 0.5 and 0.7 are considered as mediocre. KMO of values between 0.7 and 0.8 are considered as good, while values above 0.8 are considered as great. Based on the KMO of 0.898 produced in this analysis, it has been justified that the factor analysis was appropriate for this data. Bartletts measure tests the null hypothesis that the original correlation matrix is an identity matrix. For factor analysis to work, it in necessary for some variables to have relationships; if the R-matrix were an identity, then all correlation coefficients would be zero. Hence there is a need to test for significance (have p The results of the more robust factor analysis techniques for system quality show that a single solution explained about 75% of the variance as shown on Table 4.8 below. 4.2.2 Level of agreement based on information quality In terms of Information Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.7 that 46 (30.1 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 36 (23.5 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 39 (25.5 percent) Somewhat Agree. Seventeen (11.1 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Nine (5.9 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree. The findings indicated factor 6 (Simplicity) as the most influential factor amongst the respondents (M=5.64, SD=1.431) in this category. On the other hand, factor 4 (Personalization) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.16, SD=1.506). The factor analysis produced a single factor solution with an explanatory variance of 78% (Table 4.11). The KMO was 0.913 and Bartlett test (p = 0.000), indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis. 4.2.3 Level of agreement based on service quality In terms of Service Quality Approach, it can be seen in Table 4.9 that 46 (30.1 percent) of the respondents are Strongly Agree, while 36 (23.5 percent) of the respondents are Agree and 39 (25.5 percent) Somewhat Agree. Seventeen (11.1 percent) of the respondents are Not Sure. Nine (5.9 percent) are Somewhat Disagree while 2 (1.3 percent) of them are Disagree. Only 4 respondents (2.6 percent) are Strongly Disagree. The findings indicated factor 2 (Understanding) as the highest level of agreement among the respondents (M=5.32, SD=1.370) in this category. On the other hand, factor 5 (Dedication) had the lowest level of agreement among the respondents (M=4.96, SD=1.589). Again, the factor analysis produced a single factor solution with an explanatory variance of 67% (Table 4.13). The KMO was 0.900 and Bartlett test (p = 0.000), indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis. 4.3 Reliability Analysis Test Reliability can be defined as the degree to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure would produce the same result on repeated trials (Writing guides, 2009). Furthermore, reliability could be defined as the degree to which measures are free from error and thus yield consistent results (Zikmund, 2003). There are several different types of reliability coefficients such as Split half reliability, Guttman, Parallel, Strictly parallel and Cronbachs alpha. Cronbachs alpha is one of the most commonly used measures because it can be interpreted as a correlation coefficient and it ranges in value from 0 to 1 (Coakes and Steed, 2003). Hence, Cronbachs alpha was used as a measurement of reliability for each variable in this study. From the analysis done on the instruments listed under each variable in the questionnaire, Table 4.14 shows that Cronsbachs Alpha for the variables system quality, information quality, and service quality are 0.931, 0.943, and 0.898 respectively. The internal consistency reliability of the measures can be considered as great as it achieved more than 0.8 Alpha values (Field, 2005, p. 668). 4.4 Demographic effect on the dimensions factors As stated in chapter three, the effect of demographic differences is to be examined wither it effect the significance of factors in each dimension or not. The following hypothesis was built to test this issue: H0: Demographic differences have no impact on variables significance in an IS model. H1: The importance of success variables in an IS model vary due to demographic differences. To cautiously investigate this issue, a comparison was made between cases with different demographic (from same category) in each on of the three dimensions (i.e. System Quality, Information Quality, and Service Quality) to clearly mark any differences that might exist. A detailed list of all the mean comparison made is included in appendix B. 4.4.1 Age difference effect on system quality To measure the influence of age on system quality, several comparisons have been made to investigate the case. In general, all tests showed an increase in system quality demanding along with the increase in age. The ease of use and system flexibility features significance increases with respect to the increase in age as descried in Table 4.14. Youth are careless risk takers, while elders are more conservative risk averse this statement can be clearly observed when monitoring (Reliability Security) which increases with the growth of age. Consequently, the effect of age difference on system quality could be undoubtedly seen in this matter. 4.4.2 Level of education effect on information quality To test the indirect effect of education level on the information quality dimension, three comparisons have been carried out. First, both doctoral and masters equally Agree on the importance of information accuracy; high school level, on the other hand, are Not Sure about that. While diploma holders Strongly Agree with the importance of dynamic contents, bachelors degree holders see less significance, thus, they tend to Somewhat Agree with that statement. Unlike bachelors degree holders who Somewhat Agree with the importance of information simplicity, doctoral degree holders do Agree on its weight for information quality. By looking at the three comparisons made, it could be clearly stated that the effect of education level is significant in this situation. 4.4.3 Gender difference effect on service quality Different gender has different interpretation of service quality provided by e-commerce support centres. To test the indirect effect of gender difference on the services quality provided, a small comparison has been made. Women tend to be more concerned about service centre willingness to help (commitment) and they Agree on the importance of human interaction ability in support centres. Men, on the other hand, give less attention Somewhat Agree to these two aspects. An interesting case to be noticed in this context is the privacy protection. In a conventional society such as Saudi Arabia, people tend to be more conservative when it comes to giving personal information. In such society, women are expected to be more conservative then men. Results, however, revealed that men were actually more sensitive toward privacy protection then women as show in Table 4.17. Accordingly, it could be concluded that gender differences have an effect on service quality dimension as shown here. 4.4 Summary of Findings The study revealed a number of interesting cases that need some attention in order to understand the behavior and logical reasoning behind it; in order to help build a better e-Commerce system that is more considerate and sensitive to the needs of targeted consumers. Some of interesting ranking information, regarding the participants, that could be found from the previous tables includes: Age: More than half (51%) of the respondents are between 26-35 years old. This indicates the fact that Saudi Arabia is a young nation with a median age of 24.9 years (male: 26 years, female: 23.4 years) (The World Fact book, 2010). Gender: The majority (72.5 %) of the participants are males. This is due to cultural limitation of contact between the two genders (women segregation) within the country. The minority was done via relatives. Education: More than (88 %) of the participants are holders of bachelor, masters, or doctoral degrees. This is understandable since the online survey was circulated amongst Saudi Students in the UK Saudi Arabia. The findings indicate that simplicity (Ease of use) was the most pointed feature amongst the various system quality factors. A user friendly designed system with simple navigation ability seemed more important to consumers than reliability power, robustness or even security standards. Thus, e-Commerce marketing strategy should focus on sending the image of a simple user friendly e-Commerce system rather than focusing on the facts of security or multi-access capabilities (i.e. PC Mobile, 24/7, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc). As for Information quality measures, the findings indicated that simplicity was again the key factor acquired by consumers. Although completeness and accuracy were of high demands (5.47 5.58 means), keeping it simple, straight forward, and in understandable terms was most favorite feature. This is obvious when compared to comprehensiveness which might leads to long lists of annoying terms and conditions catalog. The ability of e-Commerce support centers to understand consumers specific needs was the most important factor of service quality. An argument might be that, a well committed and knowledgeable support personal would not be helpful if the consumer needs were mistakenly interpreted. Based on the data of 153 respondents, the multi-items measures were subjected to a series of validity and reliability checks. For the multi-item scale, the set of factors that correspond to each dimension was initially subjected to an examination of Cronbachs alpha and item-to-total correlations test. Thus, all measures appeared to be uni-dimensional, internally consistent, reliable and valid for analysis of the model. Furthermore, this chapter has examined the influence of demographic effects on the dimensions (System, Information and Service) factors prioritization process. The relationship was conducted by computing the differences measures of the means and Standard Deviations, which supported the hypotheses that all the variables have a significance impact on e-Commerce growth and adoption in Saudi Arabia.